From Quiz 2 - Renal and Lower urinary tract

Question 1

neither adult nor childhood PKD patients are at an increased risk for…?

Answer 1

renal cell carcinoma

Question 2

what population IS at an increased risk for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 2

dialysis patients WITH renal cysts

Question 3

what’s happening with nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 3

proteinuria (loss of protein in urine >3 gm)
decreased serum proteins (hypoalbuminemia)
increased serum lipid levels
pitting edema

Question 4

____ is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 4

lipoid nephrosis (aka minimal change disease)

Question 5

microscopically how does minimal change nephrotic syndrome appear?

Answer 5

minimal to no change

Question 6

what’s the most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 6

membranous glomerulopathy

Question 7

what will membranous glomerulopathy look like microscopically?

Answer 7

thickened and prominent capillary loops, without increased cellularity

Question 8

what’s the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in African-Americans?

Answer 8

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, also known as focal sclerosis

Question 9

what’s a disease state of IgA over-secretion?

Answer 9

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Question 10

what’s pathognomonic for acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Answer 10

presence of “muddy brown casts” of epithelial cells in urine
also epithelial casts that obliterate the lumen

Question 11

Ischemic ATN specifically causes

Answer 11

skip lesions through the tubules due to differences in perfusion within the kidney

Question 12

which of these conditions will present with marked eosinophils in urine?

Answer 12

acute interstitial nephritis (makes sense because it’s an allergic response)

Question 13

what is the characteristic changes seen in arterioles in malignant nephrosclerosis?

Answer 13

onion ring appearance (hyperplastic arterioles)

Question 14

the most common cause of acute renal failure in children is

Answer 14

hemolytic uremic syndrome

Question 15

which type of stones are most common?

Answer 15

calcium oxalate (75%)

Question 16

stones that are associated with urea splitting bacteria?

Answer 16

triple phosphate stones

Question 17

stones that precipitate out in higher pH?

Answer 17

triple phosphate stones

Question 18

stones that form in diseases involving rapid cell turnover

Answer 18

uric acid crystals

Question 19

stones that form as a consequence of genetic defects

Answer 19

cystine

Question 20

stones that have multiple forms (polygonal, etc)

Answer 20

uric acid crystals

Question 21

now that we know the most common malignant renal tumor is renal cell carcinoma, what’s the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 21

clear cell carcinoma

Question 22

what’s the most common primary renal tumor of childhood?

Answer 22

Wilm’s tumor

Question 23

The majority of ureteral malignancies are

Answer 23

transitional cell carcinomas

Question 24

Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are a pathognomonic feature of which condition?

Answer 24

Malakoplakia (bladder wall changes as a consequence of chronic cystitis)

Question 25

pathognomonic lesion of IC

Answer 25

Hunner’s ulcer

Question 26

bladder cancers are associated with which activity?

Answer 26

smoking

Question 27

common cystitis pathogen

Answer 27

e. coli