From origin to multicellularity

Question 1

What is ATP?

Answer 1

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate, an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that serves as a store of free energy in the cell.

Question 2

What does amphipathic mean?

Answer 2

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Question 3

What are archaebacteria?

Answer 3

One of two major groups of prokaryotes; many species live in extreme conditions similar to those on primitive Earth.

Question 4

What is a cell wall?

Answer 4

A rigid, porous structure forming an external layer that provides structural support to bacteria, fungi, and plant cells.

Question 5

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 5

The organelle in which photosynthesis occurs in the cells of plants and green algae.

Question 6

What is CRISPR-Cas 9?

Answer 6

A genome editing method where Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology used to edit genes within organisms.

Question 7

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 7

An extensive network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs involved in protein sorting and processing, as well as lipid synthesis.

Question 8

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 8

A symbiotic relationship in which one cell resides within a larger cell.

Question 9

What are epithelial cells?

Answer 9

Cells forming sheets (epithelial tissue) that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.

Question 10

What are eubacteria?

Answer 10

One of two major groups of prokaryotes, including most common species of bacteria.

Question 11

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Cells that have a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton.

Question 12

What is glycolysis?

Answer 12

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

Question 13

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 13

A cytoplasmic organelle involved in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids; in plant cells, it is also the site of synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides.

Question 14

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 14

Soluble in water.

Question 15

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 15

Not soluble in water.

Question 16

What are mitochondria?

Answer 16

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for the synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 17

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 17

The synthesis of ATP from ADP coupled to the energetically favorable transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen as the final acceptor in an electron transport chain.

Question 18

What are phospholipids?

Answer 18

The principal components of cell membranes, consisting of two hydrocarbon chains (usually fatty acids) joined to a polar head group containing phosphate.

Question 19

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 19

The process by which cells harness energy from sunlight and synthesize glucose from CO2 and water.

Question 20

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 20

A phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins that surrounds the cell.

Question 21

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

Cells lacking a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton (bacteria).

Question 22

What are ribosomes?

Answer 22

Particles composed of RNA and proteins that are the sites of protein synthesis.

Question 23

What is the RNA world?

Answer 23

An early stage of evolution based on self-replicating RNA molecules.

Question 24

What is symbiosis?

Answer 24

A close relationship between organisms in which the outcome for each is highly dependent upon the other.

Question 25

What is a vacuole?

Answer 25

A large membrane-enclosed sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, functioning to store nutrients and waste products, degrade macromolecules, and maintain turgor pressure.