From origin to multicellularity Flashcards
What is ATP?
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate, an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that serves as a store of free energy in the cell.
What does amphipathic mean?
A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
What are archaebacteria?
One of two major groups of prokaryotes; many species live in extreme conditions similar to those on primitive Earth.
What is a cell wall?
A rigid, porous structure forming an external layer that provides structural support to bacteria, fungi, and plant cells.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
The organelle in which photosynthesis occurs in the cells of plants and green algae.
What is CRISPR-Cas 9?
A genome editing method where Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology used to edit genes within organisms.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
An extensive network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs involved in protein sorting and processing, as well as lipid synthesis.
What is endosymbiosis?
A symbiotic relationship in which one cell resides within a larger cell.
What are epithelial cells?
Cells forming sheets (epithelial tissue) that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.
What are eubacteria?
One of two major groups of prokaryotes, including most common species of bacteria.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells that have a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton.
What is glycolysis?
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A cytoplasmic organelle involved in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids; in plant cells, it is also the site of synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides.
What does hydrophilic mean?
Soluble in water.
What does hydrophobic mean?
Not soluble in water.
What are mitochondria?
Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for the synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells by oxidative phosphorylation.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The synthesis of ATP from ADP coupled to the energetically favorable transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen as the final acceptor in an electron transport chain.
What are phospholipids?
The principal components of cell membranes, consisting of two hydrocarbon chains (usually fatty acids) joined to a polar head group containing phosphate.
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which cells harness energy from sunlight and synthesize glucose from CO2 and water.
What is the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins that surrounds the cell.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Cells lacking a nuclear envelope, cytoplasmic organelles, and a cytoskeleton (bacteria).
What are ribosomes?
Particles composed of RNA and proteins that are the sites of protein synthesis.
What is the RNA world?
An early stage of evolution based on self-replicating RNA molecules.
What is symbiosis?
A close relationship between organisms in which the outcome for each is highly dependent upon the other.
