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Cell biology > DNA -> protein > Flashcards

DNA -> protein Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 3’ end?

A

The 3’ end of a strand terminates at the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the third carbon in the sugar-ring, known as the ‘tail end’. It is necessary for the synthesis of new nucleic acid molecules as it ligates to the 5’-phosphate of a separate nucleotide.

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2
Q

What is the 5’ end?

A

The 5’ end terminates at the chemical group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring. If a phosphate group is attached, ligation of two nucleotides can occur via a phosphodiester bond.

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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA and proteins (mostly histone proteins).

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4
Q

What is chromatin remodeling?

A

Chromatin remodeling refers to changes in chromatin architecture that may affect epigenetic control of gene expression at the transcription level.

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5
Q

What is a codon?

A

A codon is the basic unit of the genetic code; one of the 64 nucleotide triplets that code for an amino acid or stop sequence.

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6
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strands.

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7
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA.

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8
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule, required each time a cell divides.

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9
Q

What is an exon?

A

An exon is a segment of a gene that contains a coding sequence.

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10
Q

What is an intron?

A

An intron is a noncoding sequence that interrupts exons in a gene.

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11
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

mRNA is an RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.

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12
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A nucleoside is a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).

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13
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A nucleosome is DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around histone proteins.

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14
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is a phosphorylated nucleoside.

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15
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Okazaki fragments are short DNA fragments that are joined to form the lagging strand of DNA.

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16
Q

What is primase?

A

Primase is an RNA polymerase used to initiate DNA synthesis.

17
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A promoter is a DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

18
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA.

19
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

Semiconservative replication is the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands.

20
Q

What is splicing?

A

Splicing is a modification of RNA after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined.

21
Q

What is a termination sequence (stop codon)?

A

A termination sequence consists of specific mRNA sequences (UAA, UAG, or UGA) that terminate translation by binding a releasing factor.

22
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, consisting of initiation, elongation, and termination.

23
Q

What is transcription elongation?

A

Transcription elongation is the second step in gene transcription, involving RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase using the gene DNA as a template.

24
Q

What is transcription initiation?

A

Transcription initiation is the first step in gene transcription, involving the assembly of an RNA polymerase complex with initiation regulatory elements in the promoter.

25
Q

What is transcription termination?

A

Transcription termination is the third and final step in gene transcription, involving the release of RNA polymerase and the transcribed RNA.

26
Q

What is the transcriptome?

A

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules produced in one or a population of cells during a certain period of time.

27
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template, read in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

Cell biology (6 decks)

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