DNA -> protein Flashcards
What is the 3’ end?
The 3’ end of a strand terminates at the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the third carbon in the sugar-ring, known as the ‘tail end’. It is necessary for the synthesis of new nucleic acid molecules as it ligates to the 5’-phosphate of a separate nucleotide.
What is the 5’ end?
The 5’ end terminates at the chemical group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring. If a phosphate group is attached, ligation of two nucleotides can occur via a phosphodiester bond.
What is chromatin?
Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA and proteins (mostly histone proteins).
What is chromatin remodeling?
Chromatin remodeling refers to changes in chromatin architecture that may affect epigenetic control of gene expression at the transcription level.
What is a codon?
A codon is the basic unit of the genetic code; one of the 64 nucleotide triplets that code for an amino acid or stop sequence.
What is DNA ligase?
DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strands.
The enzyme responsible for stitching the two strands of DNA
What is DNA polymerase?
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule, required each time a cell divides.
What is an exon?
An exon is a segment of a gene that contains a coding sequence.
What is an intron?
An intron is a noncoding sequence that interrupts exons in a gene.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
mRNA is an RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.
What is a nucleoside?
A nucleoside is a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).
What is a nucleosome?
A nucleosome is DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around histone proteins.
What is a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is a phosphorylated nucleoside.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Okazaki fragments are short DNA fragments that are joined to form the lagging strand of DNA.
What is primase?
Primase is an RNA polymerase used to initiate DNA synthesis.
What is a promoter?
A promoter is a DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA.
What is semiconservative replication?
Semiconservative replication is the process of DNA replication in which the two parental strands separate and serve as templates for the synthesis of new progeny strands.
What is splicing?
Splicing is a modification of RNA after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined.
What is a termination sequence (stop codon)?
A termination sequence consists of specific mRNA sequences (UAA, UAG, or UGA) that terminate translation by binding a releasing factor.
What is transcription?
Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, consisting of initiation, elongation, and termination.
What is transcription elongation?
Transcription elongation is the second step in gene transcription, involving RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase using the gene DNA as a template.
What is transcription initiation?
Transcription initiation is the first step in gene transcription, involving the assembly of an RNA polymerase complex with initiation regulatory elements in the promoter.
What is transcription termination?
Transcription termination is the third and final step in gene transcription, involving the release of RNA polymerase and the transcribed RNA.
What is the transcriptome?
The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules produced in one or a population of cells during a certain period of time.
What is translation?
Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template, read in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
What does the A nucleotide stand for?
Adenine
What does the T nucleotide stand for?
Thymine
What does the G nucleotide stand for?
Guanine
What does the C nucleotide stand for?
Cytosine
What does the U nucleotide (in RNA) stand for?
Uracil
