From Dna To Rna And Rna World

Question 1

Eukaryotic regulator sequences

Answer 1

Promoter proximal element(PPE)
UTR Strand for untranslated region. Before initiator codon there is 5’ UTR and after the Terminator codon there is the 3’ UTR
3’UTR is mostly responsible for stability Dna
5’UTR is mostly responsible for the effectiveness of translation
Enhancer

Question 2

Önemli

Answer 2

Prokaryot ve ökaryotlardan sentezlenen kodon farklı
Ökaryotlar kesintili sentezlenir Prokaryotler kesintisiz sentezler

Question 3

Eukaryotes promoter

Answer 3

TATA box:TATAAA
CAAT box
GC box:GGGCGG
October
Initiator:most frequently seen

Question 4

Eukaryotic gene structure

Answer 4

RNA polymerase1 &Class 1 genes
RNA polymerase2 &Class 2genes:mRNAs
RNA polymerase3 &Class 3 genes:tRNAs and 5S rRNA

Question 5

Prokaryotic repressor

Answer 5

Bind related operator
is encoded buy another gene which has its own promoter located on the upstream of operon
Stops transcription

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells regulator sequences

Answer 6

Operator
Upstream elements(UP)
Enhancers
Operator:binds repressor protein/also has DNA itself-inactivate
Enhancer:activates transcription

Question 7

Termination region pro

Answer 7

G-C rich region followed by 4-8U nucleotide repeats
Hairpin structure slows RNA polymerase

Question 8

Transcriptional start site pro

Answer 8

Generally a Purin nucleotide
N letters refer to distance between those regions

Question 9

Protomer structure pro

Answer 9

-10 region:TATAAT Pribnow box-unwinding
-35 region TTGACA-recognition

Question 10

Responsible for gene expression

Answer 10

Ana rnalar(3) dışındakiler

Question 11

Promoter prokaryotic

Answer 11

5’end
RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
Starting point
Prokaryotlara -10 ve -35 arasında
Ökaryotlarda more region

Question 12

Stream

Answer 12

Upstream=5’
Downstream=3’

Question 13

Basic elements in operon ökaryotlarda da aynı prokaryotlarda da

Answer 13

Promoter
Transcription start site
Coding sequence
Transcription termination region ökaryotlarda (polyadenylation signal)belirler
Operator

Question 14

Prokaryotic gene

Answer 14

Operon

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

Coding sequence and regulatory sequence

Question 16

Prokaryotic Rna polymerase

Answer 16

—Subunit
Scaffold
Promoter binding
—b b’ subunits
Catalytic center
—a(sigma) factor
Promoter specific binding
—holoenzyme
Core enzyme(consist of the subunits needed for catalytic activity)/5 subunit
Sigma factor(promoter specific binding)/transcription factor/promoter recognition
!!!!!!b’ dna binding
!!!!!!b elongation of rna
——Termination
Independent termination
Rho dependent termination

Question 17

!!!!!!!

Answer 17

Coding strand:sense strand
Template strand:anti-sense strand

Question 18

Eukaryotic RNA polymerase

Answer 18

——Required several initiation factor(general transcription factors) for promoter=called pre-initiation factor(PIC)
——transcription factor 2D binds TATA box
2A-2B bind
RNA polymerase together with 2F binds to this complex
Finally 2E-2H binds

Question 19

Co-transcriptional modification

Answer 19

—5’capping
—splicing
—polyadenylation

Question 20

Capping

Answer 20

Modified Guanine base to 5’ end of mRNA
—phosphate group is removed from the 5’end of the transcript
—GMP is added(guanylytransferase)
—modified by the addition of methyl group(methyltransferase)

Question 21

Function of capping

Answer 21

Regulation of nuclear export
Prevention of degradation by exonucleases
ProMotion of translation

Question 22

Splicing

Answer 22

—B globin çıkarılır
—splicingten sorumlu protein: spliceosome complexes they are U protein.this complexes also have RNA structures

Question 23

RNP

Answer 23

ribonucleoprotein

Question 24

Poplyadenylation(Poly A tail)

Answer 24

—Addition polyA tail to the 3’ end of mRNA
—CPSF(cleavage/ poliadenilasyon specificity factor)
CtsF( cleavage stimulation factor)
CF1 be CF2 (cleavage factors)
Multiple adenine nucleotides are added by polyA polymerase

Question 25

TF2H

Answer 25

Unwinding of double stranded DNA at the beginning of transcription

Question 26

Function of RNA polymerase

Answer 26

Synthesize RNA
Proofreading