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Y3S1 NEURO > From Cells to Cortex > Flashcards

From Cells to Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

pseudo-unipolar cells

A

dorsal root ganglion

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2
Q

Biploar nerve cells

A

special sense organs (ear, eye, nose)

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3
Q

Interneuron

A

(local processing), is inhibitory or excitatory

short axon

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4
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

responsible for sending info from the cerebral Cortex

is multipolar with a long axon

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5
Q

Examples of unmyelinated axons are

A

sensory fibres carrying pain, temperature, itch

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6
Q

unmyelinated axons have what kind of conduction

A 
continuous conduction’ of action potentials due to passive
current flow (low conduction)
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7
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • Phasic disease
  • Demyelination
  • Inflammation (T cell/macrophage mediated)
  • Conduction block (slowing of propagation)
  • Crosstalk (paraesthesia)
  • Some re-myelination
  • Permanent loss (due cell death/axonal loss)
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8
Q

white matter

A

contains cell processes and their myelin

appears white because It is fatty

It present centrally in the brain but peripherally in the spinal cord

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9
Q

grey matter

A

contains cells, processes and synapses

is present peripherally in the brain but centrally in the spinal cord

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10
Q

Astrocyte

A

metabolic and structural/mechanical support - also present in CNS scar tissue

  • control water distribution
  • potassium buffering
  • ROS scavenging
  • Define architecture
  • regulate migration/pruning/synaptogenesis
  • help maintain but do not make up the BBB
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11
Q

Two types of astrocyte

A

Fibrous astrocyte found in WHITE matter

Protoplasmic (blobby) astrocyte found in GREY matter

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12
Q

BBB

A
  • A barrier composed of endothelial cells AND their tight junctions
  • Integrity highly dependent on astrocyte ‘end feet
  • So the barrier consists of endothelial cells and their tight junctions and the astrocytes help to maintain it
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13
Q

Microglial cells

A

Resident macrophages of the central nervous system

  • Phagocytosis and antigen presentation (immune response)
  • Synaptic pruning
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14
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • Ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells, line ventricle as part of plexus and secrete (also reabsorb) CSF
  • CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) – clear, cell-free fluid produced in specialised ependyma on choroid plexus
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15
Q

Lamination - the cerebral cortex layered neocortex

A 
mostly 6:
Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
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16
Q

granular layers

A

stellate interneuron - mostly input and processing locally

17
Q

pyramidal layers

A

pyramidal neurons - mostly output

18
Q

Brodmann areas

A

Subtle differences in structure (numbered) A great map that relates closely to function Example motor function in area 4

19
Q

visual cortex is where

A

the occipital lobe along with motion, object recognition etc.

20
Q

primary motor cortex - execution of movement

Precentral gyrus

A

More direct control of motor activity than other motor areas Force, direction and speed of muscle contraction

21
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Preparation for action - posture and gait (integration of spatial information and planned movement, grasping)

22
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Integrating visual information to formulate motor commands

23
Q

Association cortex

A

integration, complex processing of

cognate primary cortex info.

24
Q

Primary cortex

A 
principal exit (motor)
and entry points (sensory)
25
Q

Unimodal

A

one type of modality input/output

26
Q

Polymodal

A

multiple modal input (e.g. vision and somatic sensation in the dorsal stream)

27
Q

Damage inferior parietal lobule:

A

Contralateral neglect (especially right lesions)

28
Q

Damage in superior parietal –

A

problems with visuomotor integration (optic ataxia)

29
Q

Features of frontal lobe damage

A

(1) Personality changes
(2) Deficits in planning
(3) Perseveration
(4) Primitive reflexes (suckling reflex) (5) Abulia (slowness of intellect)

30
Q

functions of the frontal lobe

A
  • Contributes to attention
  • Morality
  • Planning
  • Working memory
  • Conscious decision making
  • Social behavior regulation
31
Q

Broca’s area damage

A

Expressive aphasia

Language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor Comprehension OK

32
Q

Wernicke’s

A

Receptive aphasia

unable to understand/generate meaningful language

33
Q

Commissural communication

A

cortex to cortex cross over the midline

34
Q

association communication

A

cortex to cortex “stay” on the same side

35
Q

projection communication

A

communicate with other structures inside and outside the brain

Y3S1 NEURO (44 decks)

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