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IB GEOGRAPHY SL > Fresh Water syllabus > Flashcards

Fresh Water syllabus Flashcards

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1
Q

State all the outputs of the hydrological cycle?

A

Evaporation, Transportation, River runoff

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2
Q

What are the inputs of the hydrological cycle?

A

Precipitation

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3
Q

Tell me all the transfers of the hydrological cycle

A

Stem flow/through fall, infiltration, percolation, through-flow, surface runoff, groundwater flow

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4
Q

What are transfers

A

The transfer of water between stores

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5
Q

All the stores of the hydrological cycle

A

interception, surface storage, soil water, groundwater, channel storage

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6
Q

What are drainage basins divided by

A

watersheds

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7
Q

What is a closed drainage basin?

A

Rather than flowing into an ocean, the water flows into an inland depression such as a lake. Surface water is not lost via river etc, it’s lost via percolation(into groundwater)

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8
Q

Describe what exactly inputs are

A

the conversion and transfer of moisture in the atmosphere to the land

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9
Q

What a=characteristics of precipitation which affect hydrology?

A

Amount
Intensity
Type
Distribution

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10
Q

What is evaporation

A

Solid to liquid or liquid to gas

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11
Q

What is evapotranspiration

A

The process of water escaping plants and entering the atmosphere

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12
Q

What is potential evapotranspiration

A

The potential amount of water loss if vegetation would have an endless supply of water

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13
Q

What is transpiration

A

the exhalation of water through the plants stomata

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14
Q

What affects transpiration?

A

Temperature, humidity, water available, colour of surface

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15
Q

What is infiltration ?

A

Water soaking into the soil

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16
Q

What affects infiltration?

A

Soil capacity, vegetation

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17
Q

What is overland flow and when does it occur?

A

When precipitation exceeds soil capacity, when soil isn’t very permeable

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18
Q

What is through-flow and through which streams does it flow?

A

It flows through the soil through percolates and natural pipes

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19
Q

What is wilting point

A

The amount of water which results in the permanent wilting of plants

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20
Q

What are aquifers

A

Simply rocks that contain a significant amount of water

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21
Q

How does water enter aquifers ?

A

The rocks in the top are permeable. Percolation occurs

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22
Q

What acts as a natural regulator to the hydrological cycle?

A

Aquifers because the water moves out and within very slowly. They save water for long dry periods.

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23
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

The snow and ice environment. Stores over half of the earths water and usually occurs in high altitudes

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24
Q

What is river discharge

A

The amount of water passing a given point of a river over a set time. CSAx mean velocity

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25
Q

What a re conditions necessary for a turbulent flow?

A

Meanders, high velocities, gravitation

26
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Where sediment remains

27
Q

What conditions are needed for a laminar flow?

A

Shallow channels
Low velocities
Meandering

28
Q

How does turbulence happen?

A

Through a fast velocity and channel bed roughness

29
Q

Types of Erosion

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydraulic Action
AASH

30
Q

How to remember the 4 types of erosion

A

AASH

31
Q

What is abrasion

A

The wearing away of the bed bank by sediment. Sediment is carried via the channel. Heavy sediment

32
Q

What is attrition?

A

The wearing off of river load. This creates smaller and rounder particles

33
Q

What is solution?

A

The removal of chemical ions, especially calcium. Happens more often when load passes limestone

34
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When force of air and water create pressure on the river bank. Air bubbles form and implode and crack the bank. Widens the river bank.

35
Q

What makes you remember Transportation?

A

TSSS

36
Q

Types of transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

37
Q

WHat is traction?

A

The rolling of pebbles along the river bed

38
Q

What is saltation?

A

The frog-leap motion of small stones

39
Q

What is suspension

A

The carrying of suspended, very fine, bedload via the river channel

40
Q

What is another form of transportation which doesn’t include bed load?

A

Floatation- leaves

41
Q

Why is it easier to transport sand than small stones?

A

Sand is lighter and requires more “entertainment”

42
Q

What changes in monsoonal rivers during seasons?

A

They carry more sediment in the wet season due to higher velocities

43
Q

What are monsoonal rivers?

A

Rivers that flow during the wet season but often dry out in dry weather

44
Q

Explain the formation of a waterfall

A

When a stream flows over rock, the surface rock is softer than the underneath harder rock. Ober time, pieces start chipping away and a plunge pool is creates. Additional rock is chipped and falls as the rock is unsupported. The plunge pool deepens.

45
Q

What erosion technique is used during the creation of waterfalls?

A

Hydraulic action

46
Q

Explain the formation of v-shaped valleys

A

River cuts into the bedrock causing vertical erosion. Loosened material from the bank of the falls into the river, increasing the load and therefore erosion such as abrasion. Over time the river erodes laterally.

47
Q

Explain flood plains

A

They are areas of low relief/gradient which are created to provide area to flood. They are surrounded by valley walls.

48
Q

Explain the creation of meanders.

A

A river gains more velocity and is pushed outside of its bank due to not enough capacity. Here, an oxbow lake is created. When this area fills up it finds its way and rejoins the original stream, creating meanders.

49
Q

How are levees formed ?

A

Through repeated floods of a river. The sediment is deposited in the outer parts of the bank and flood plain. This builds up over meany floods and runs parallel to the stream

50
Q

How are deltas formed?

A

The river needs to carry a large amount of sediment. The river and mouth tend to be very vegetated. Deltas are formed by rapid drops of stream velocity. They bleed into lakes and seeds

51
Q

How are deltas organized?

A

The finest material is moved out the furthest, bottom set bed
Middle set med- middle heavy sediment
Heaviest material is further towards the mouth

52
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

A set of land were various water sources flow into one.

53
Q

What is an endoheic basin?

A

A basin which keeps its water, it does not flow into another EXCEPT for swamps and lakes. NO OCEANS

54
Q

What is lag time?

A

The time between peak rainfall and discharge

55
Q

What do we know when peak flow is low?

A

The landscape has high infiltration rates

56
Q

What does the rising limb of a hydrograph represent?

A

The amount of time it takes for discharge to develop

57
Q

What is irrigation ?

A

Applying controlled amounts of water, including minerals and salts, to agriculture in hopes to assist crops

58
Q

What is salinization

A

increased salt in the soil

59
Q

How does irrigation result in salinisation?

A

Water remains on the surface of the agriculture land. This means it evaporates very quickly. Salts and minerals do not have the chance to be diluted or evaporated and therefore build up. Salinity forces the water to move out of the plants into the soil. This dehydrates plants:
-stunted growth
-economic losses
-increased soil erosion

60
Q

Example of overland fresh waters

A

Lakes
Glaciers
Reservoirs
Vegetation

IB GEOGRAPHY SL (4 decks)

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