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IB GEOGRAPHY SL > Fresh Water syllabus > Flashcards

Fresh Water syllabus Flashcards

1
Q

State all the outputs of the hydrological cycle?

A

Evaporation, Transportation, River runoff

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2
Q

What are the inputs of the hydrological cycle?

A

Precipitation

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3
Q

Tell me all the transfers of the hydrological cycle

A

Stem flow/through fall, infiltration, percolation, through-flow, surface runoff, groundwater flow

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4
Q

What are transfers

A

The transfer of water between stores

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5
Q

All the stores of the hydrological cycle

A

interception, surface storage, soil water, groundwater, channel storage

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6
Q

What are drainage basins divided by

A

watersheds

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7
Q

What is a closed drainage basin?

A

Rather than flowing into an ocean, the water flows into an inland depression such as a lake. Surface water is not lost via river etc, it’s lost via percolation(into groundwater)

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8
Q

Describe what exactly inputs are

A

the conversion and transfer of moisture in the atmosphere to the land

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9
Q

What a=characteristics of precipitation which affect hydrology?

A

Amount
Intensity
Type
Distribution

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10
Q

What is evaporation

A

Solid to liquid or liquid to gas

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11
Q

What is evapotranspiration

A

The process of water escaping plants and entering the atmosphere

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12
Q

What is potential evapotranspiration

A

The potential amount of water loss if vegetation would have an endless supply of water

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13
Q

What is transpiration

A

the exhalation of water through the plants stomata

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14
Q

What affects transpiration?

A

Temperature, humidity, water available, colour of surface

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15
Q

What is infiltration ?

A

Water soaking into the soil

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16
Q

What affects infiltration?

A

Soil capacity, vegetation

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17
Q

What is overland flow and when does it occur?

A

When precipitation exceeds soil capacity, when soil isn’t very permeable

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18
Q

What is through-flow and through which streams does it flow?

A

It flows through the soil through percolates and natural pipes

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19
Q

What is wilting point

A

The amount of water which results in the permanent wilting of plants

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20
Q

What are aquifers

A

Simply rocks that contain a significant amount of water

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21
Q

How does water enter aquifers ?

A

The rocks in the top are permeable. Percolation occurs

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22
Q

What acts as a natural regulator to the hydrological cycle?

A

Aquifers because the water moves out and within very slowly. They save water for long dry periods.

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23
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

The snow and ice environment. Stores over half of the earths water and usually occurs in high altitudes

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24
Q

What is river discharge

A

The amount of water passing a given point of a river over a set time. CSAx mean velocity

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25
What a re conditions necessary for a turbulent flow?
Meanders, high velocities, gravitation
26
What is laminar flow
Where sediment remains
27
What conditions are needed for a laminar flow?
Shallow channels Low velocities Meandering
28
How does turbulence happen?
Through a fast velocity and channel bed roughness
29
Types of Erosion
Abrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic Action AASH
30
How to remember the 4 types of erosion
AASH
31
What is abrasion
The wearing away of the bed bank by sediment. Sediment is carried via the channel. Heavy sediment
32
What is attrition?
The wearing off of river load. This creates smaller and rounder particles
33
What is solution?
The removal of chemical ions, especially calcium. Happens more often when load passes limestone
34
What is hydraulic action?
When force of air and water create pressure on the river bank. Air bubbles form and implode and crack the bank. Widens the river bank.
35
What makes you remember Transportation?
TSSS
36
Types of transportation
Traction Saltation Suspension Solution
37
WHat is traction?
The rolling of pebbles along the river bed
38
What is saltation?
The frog-leap motion of small stones
39
What is suspension
The carrying of suspended, very fine, bedload via the river channel
40
What is another form of transportation which doesn't include bed load?
Floatation- leaves
41
Why is it easier to transport sand than small stones?
Sand is lighter and requires more “entertainment”
42
What changes in monsoonal rivers during seasons?
They carry more sediment in the wet season due to higher velocities
43
What are monsoonal rivers?
Rivers that flow during the wet season but often dry out in dry weather
44
Explain the formation of a waterfall
When a stream flows over rock, the surface rock is softer than the underneath harder rock. Ober time, pieces start chipping away and a plunge pool is creates. Additional rock is chipped and falls as the rock is unsupported. The plunge pool deepens.
45
What erosion technique is used during the creation of waterfalls?
Hydraulic action
46
Explain the formation of v-shaped valleys
River cuts into the bedrock causing vertical erosion. Loosened material from the bank of the falls into the river, increasing the load and therefore erosion such as abrasion. Over time the river erodes laterally.
47
Explain flood plains
They are areas of low relief/gradient which are created to provide area to flood. They are surrounded by valley walls.
48
Explain the creation of meanders.
A river gains more velocity and is pushed outside of its bank due to not enough capacity. Here, an oxbow lake is created. When this area fills up it finds its way and rejoins the original stream, creating meanders.
49
How are levees formed ?
Through repeated floods of a river. The sediment is deposited in the outer parts of the bank and flood plain. This builds up over meany floods and runs parallel to the stream
50
How are deltas formed?
The river needs to carry a large amount of sediment. The river and mouth tend to be very vegetated. Deltas are formed by rapid drops of stream velocity. They bleed into lakes and seeds
51
How are deltas organized?
The finest material is moved out the furthest, bottom set bed Middle set med- middle heavy sediment Heaviest material is further towards the mouth
52
What is a drainage basin?
A set of land were various water sources flow into one.
53
What is an endoheic basin?
A basin which keeps its water, it does not flow into another EXCEPT for swamps and lakes. NO OCEANS
54
What is lag time?
The time between peak rainfall and discharge
55
What do we know when peak flow is low?
The landscape has high infiltration rates
56
What does the rising limb of a hydrograph represent?
The amount of time it takes for discharge to develop
57
What is irrigation ?
Applying controlled amounts of water, including minerals and salts, to agriculture in hopes to assist crops
58
What is salinization
increased salt in the soil
59
How does irrigation result in salinisation?
Water remains on the surface of the agriculture land. This means it evaporates very quickly. Salts and minerals do not have the chance to be diluted or evaporated and therefore build up. Salinity forces the water to move out of the plants into the soil. This dehydrates plants: -stunted growth -economic losses -increased soil erosion
60
Example of overland fresh waters
Lakes Glaciers Reservoirs Vegetation

IB GEOGRAPHY SL (4 decks)

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