Changing populations Flashcards
What percentage of people live within 1km of the sea?
70%
What are LIC’s and what is the range of their income?
Low income countries:
$1,025 and less
What are MIC’s and what is the range of their income?
Middle income countries
$1,026 - $12,475
What are HIC’s and what is the range of their income?
High income countries, anything above $12,476
What is an example of a HIC
USA and the UK
What are NIC’s?
Newly industrialised countries
What an example of an NIC?
M.I.N.T: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
What is GNP
Gross national product: all the economic profits of a country added up
What three factors influence population change?
Birth rate, Migration, Death rate
What is natural increase?
(Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / total population
What is natural increase?
When the number of births exceed the number of deaths.
What is natural decrease?
When the number of deaths exceeds the number of births
What is double time and what is the formula for it?
How long it takes for a population to double. 70/ natural increase
What are population projections?
Predictions on population futures based on trends
What is total fertility rate?
The average number of births per thousand women in child bearing age
What 7 factors influence fertility rate?
1) The status (standard of living)
2) Level of education
3) Location of residence (opportunities, topography, Hazards etc)
4) Religion (no contraception etc.)
5) Health of a mother
6) Economic prosperity (ability to provide OR women who work more have less time)
7) The need/ no need for children: agricultural societies need heirs for labour
How does the health of a mother effect fertility rate?
Healthy mothers have successful pregnancies
- unhealthy mothers have a greater infant mortality rate and have more tries (increases fertility rate)
What is life expectancy
The number of years people are expected to live
What is the life expectancy of Haiti and Afghanistan?
Below 64
Why do sub-Saharan countries have low lie expectancy?
poverty, war, AIDS, limited medical support/technology
Why do women’s life expectancies exceed those of men?
Women retire earlier
Men do more physical labour
War
Men drink & smoke more excessively
What is population momentum, and why does it occur?
When a population has tendency to grow even though its death rate exceeds birth rate.
- new generation hasn’t met its child bearing age yet
- migration
Why and when did Singapores total fertility rate drastically decrease?
Starting 1960 because women’s status improved, they were able to work etc.
What is the dependency ratio and what is the formula?
It measures the working population and dependent population
(Economically dependent / economically independent ) x 100
What do triangle graphs show and why are they so helpful?
They show data that can be divided into three parts (like age groups: child, adult, elderly).
They are helpful because:
- make distinctions very visible
- can graph a lot of data
- you can see that certain variables are dominant
What is the age range of economically dependent people?
kids age <15
Elderly age> 65
What are positive outcomes of mega city growth?
- provide employment
- fuel economic growth
- diversifies people & goods
What are consequences of megacities?
- risk of environmental hazards
- poor quality housing
- unemployment (relocates people)
- not enough services
- traffic congestion
- noise & air pollution
- declining water quality
Why does urbanisation and megacity development continue if it has so many negative affects?
Because people need money and jobs, it benefits the economy
What are three types of forced migration ?
1) Conflict
2) Development induced infrastructure
3) Disaster induced displacement
Explain forced migration via conflict
- civil wars
- violence/ persecution due to:
Political opinion, nationality, religion
What is an IDP
Internally displaced person who left their home due to
- man made disasters
- human rights violations
- armed conflict
How many refugees and IDP were there in 2015?
refugees: 15 million
IDP: 40 million
Describe migration due to development
Having to relocate due to development like
- dams
- motorways
- airports
- urban development
- mining
- deforestation
How many people (on average) are displaced due to dam developments?
10 million
Explain migration due to disasters
Natural disasters:
- hurricanes
- tsunamis
- volcano eruptions
Environmental change:
-Global warming
- desertification
Human induced disasters:
- radiation (Hiroshima)
-toxic chemicals
What are different types of migrants?
- refugees
-asylum seekers - Trafficked people
- Smuggled people
- IDPs
- Development displaced people
What is a refugee
A person who us unwilling to return to their country of nationality die to a well founded fear of persecution of violence because of:
- nationality
- religion
- political opinion
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who left their country to find protection, BUT their refugee status has not been decided yet
ASYLUM = protection
What is a development displaced person?
People who have been relocated due to development projects such as
- dams
- urban expansion
What are environmental and disaster displaced people?
People who had to leave due to climate change/ hazards
What are the advantages of an ageing population?
Elderly have certain social skills and experience. There is a special market for them and are often preferred over young employees.
What is older dependency ratio
The ratio of retired people to working ages
What is the expected percentage of elderly people by 2035?
14%
What are problems with. An ageing population?
- not enough nursing facilities
- declining labour force (hurts economy)
- more elderly homes needed
- demand for inward migration
- falling demand for teachers and schools
What is trafficking
The act of buying/ selling people and making money off of their forced labour
How can trafficking be prevented?
Raising awareness
Making sure we have peoples documents
Allowing trade unions
Creating policies (UN 2003 Protocol)
What policy is working against trafficking?
UN 2003 protocol
How many people still live in areas where trafficking is not criminalised?
2 billion
In what countries is trafficking not criminalised?
A lot of Asia and Africa
Which populations are at greater risk of trafficking?
Refugees and migrants
LGTBQ
Stateless people
Why are refugees and migrants at a greater risk of trafficking?
They lack legal documents so are less likely to be heard
The European system is overburdened and doesn’t pay specific attention to each refugee
They are desperate of employment and seek opportunities (easy manipulation)
Why are LGBTQ and religious minorities more likely to be trafficked?
In 76 countries, same sex marriage is still illegal. Religions may not be accepted amongst other populations so there is an increased number of run-aways and homelessness. T
Why are stateless people prone to trafficking?
Because of their lack of legal documents
What is a demographic dividend?
It is a bugle or increase in the number of working adults in a population.
Why does a demographic dividend occur?
Due to a decrease in TFR, allowing accelerated economical growth.
People recognise that less children are dying (therefore less fertility) this causes less people to have kids. The life expectancy is still low. This happens in a lag through, so a bulge is created. Life expectancies are low, fertility rates are low to the population is mainly working adults. Dependency ratio declines = demographic dividend.
What is a decline in fertility associated with?
decline in child mortality rates and an increase in life expectancy.
Benefits of a demographic dividend
- increased labour supply
- benefits the economy
- increase in savings (+ investments, fuel economy)
- decrease in fertility rate result in healthier women
- less societal pressure (having kids)
- better health and educational outcomes as parents can focus on
-ONE child - increasing GDP
- decreasing dependency ratio
Main idea of demographic dividend
People are having less children
Difficulty of attaining and maintaining the demographic dividend
in LIC’s life expectancy can be as low as 40 years.
In developing countries, birth rates remain extremely high
What allows us to maintain a demographic dividend?
Low child births and decreasing child mortality rate
What is a fact about child/ infant health
Children born less than 2 years after the previous birth habe much higher risk of dying( up to 3 times higher)
How can a demographic dividend be attained?
Lowering child mortality and fertility
How can we reduce child mortality and fertility?
- investing in child health programmes
- family planning
- prioritising education
