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parasitology > free-living pathogenic amebae > Flashcards

free-living pathogenic amebae Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

infections occured as epidemic in subtropical countries

A

B. hominis

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2
Q

[TROPH]
- SIZE: 12-45 um
- MOTILITY: sluggish, spinelike pseudopods
- NUCLEI: one
- KARYOSOME: large
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: absent
- CYTOPLASM: granular and vacuolated

A

Acanthamoeba

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3
Q

diagnosis

microscopic examination:
- CSF is the specimen of choice
- brain tissue
- corneal scrapings

A

Acanthamoeba

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4
Q

treatment

  • intravenous/spine
  • Amphotericin B - DOC
  • Amphotericin B with rifamfin / miconazole
A

N. fowleri

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5
Q

Blastocystis hominis

  • most predominant
  • large central vacuole (reproductive organelle) and very thick capsule
A

vacuolated forms

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6
Q

treatment for B. coli

A
  • metronidazole
  • tetracycline
  • iodoquinol
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7
Q

[TROPH]
- SIZE: 28-152 um (length) & 22-123 um (width)
- MOTILITY: rotary, boring
- NUCLEI: two, kidney shaped (macronucleus) and small spherical (micronucleus)
- 1 or 2 vacuoles
- CYTOPLASM: may contain food vacuoles or bacteria
- small cytostome present
- layer of cilia around the organism

A

Balantidium coli

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8
Q

Blastocystis hominis

  • active extensions and pseudopodia
  • nuclear chromatin: peripheral clumping
  • intermediate stage between vacuolar and pre-cystic
A

ameba-like forms

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9
Q

[CYST]
- SIZE: 5-22 um
- SHAPE: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
- NUCLEI: one
- KARYOSOME: large, eccentric achromatic granules may be present
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: absent
- CYTOPLASM: coarsely granular and vacuolated
- INCLUSIONS: well-defined glycogen mass may be present

A

N. fowleri

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10
Q

epidemiology

  • found in warm bodies of water, lakes, streams, ponds, and swimming pools
  • can survive in 0.5ug/mL of hyperchlorinated water
  • high cases in summer
  • can survive in elevated temperatures (46 degrees C)
  • can be acquired in contaminated dust
A

N. fowleri

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11
Q

diagnosis

molecular techniques for N. fowleri

A

ELISA
PCR

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12
Q

diagnosis

culture for Acanthamoeba

A
  • proteose-peptone
  • yeast extract
  • PYGC
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13
Q

epidemiology

  • causes CNS and eye infection
  • CNS infection in immunocompromised patients
  • isolated from air, aquaria, bottled mineral water, soil swimming pools, deep well water, contact lens solutions
A

Acanthamoeba

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14
Q

Blastocystis form

  • very prominent and thick osmophilic electron dense wall
  • thick walled cyst: responsible for external transmission
  • thin walled cyst: reinfection within a hosts intestinal tract
A

cystic form

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15
Q

[TROPH]
- SIZE: 8-22 um
- MOTILITY: sluglike, blunt pseudopods
- NUCLEI: one
- KARYOSOME: large (center)
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: absent
- CYTOPLASM: granular, vacuolated

A

N. fowleri

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16
Q

diagnosis

specimen of choice for B. hominis

A

stool

17
Q

clinical symptoms

  • aymptomatic
  • kernig’s sign (tests hamstring)
  • PAM
  • pleocytosis (high % of PMN cells)
  • hypoglycorrhacia
  • elevated protein levels
A

N. fowleri

18
Q

causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) in individuals with compromised immune system

A
  • Acanthamoeba spp.
  • Balamuthia mandrillaris
19
Q

clincial symptoms

  • mild to moderate diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • fever
  • abdominal pain and cramping
  • bloating
  • flatulence
A

B. hominis

20
Q

1st noted as a contaminant in tissue cultures and subsequently was found to produce lethal meningoencephalitis on nasal instillation into mice and other animals

A

Acanthamoeba

21
Q

diagnosis

microscopic examination for N. fowleri, where do we find it?

A

CSF
brain
tissue
nasal discharge

22
Q

treatment for Acanthamoeba

A
  • sulfamethazine
  • intraconazole
  • ketoconazole
  • miconazole
  • propamidine isethianate (DOC)
  • rifampin
23
Q

causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in healthy individuals

A

N. fowleri

24
Q

[VACUOLATED FORM]
- SIZE: 5-32 um
- VACUOLE: centrally located, fluid-filled structure, consumes almost 90% of organism
- NUCLEI: 2 or 4 located in cytoplasm
- CYTOPLASM: ring around periphery

A

Blastocystis hominis

25
Q

treatment for B. hominis

A
  • iodoquinol
  • metronidazole (DOC)
  • TMP-SMX
26
Q

Blastocystis hominis

  • observed from old cultures
  • granular contents develop into daughter cells of the ameba-form when it ruptures
A

granular forms

27
Q

[FLAGELLATED FORM]
- SIZE: 7-15 um
- MOTILITY: 2 flagella, spinning/jerky
- NUCELI: one
- KARYOSOME: large (center)
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: absent
- CYTOPLASM: granular, vacuolated

A

N. fowleri

28
Q

[CYST]
- SIZE: 43-66 um
- NUCLEI: two, kidney shaped (macronucleus) and small spherical (micronucleus)
- 1 or 2 vacuoles
- double cyst wall
- row of cilia visible in between cyst wall layers of young cyst

A

balantidium coli

29
Q

causing severe keratitis

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

30
Q

diagnosis

molecular techniques for Acanthamoeba

A

PCR

31
Q

B. coli are easily inactivated by (?) and (?)

A
  • heat
  • 1% sodium hypochlorite
32
Q
  • infective stage: cyst
  • infections results from contaminated food or water with fecal material
  • incubation: 4-5 days
A

balantidium coli

33
Q

diagnosis

culture medium for N. fowleri

A

balamuth medium

34
Q

clinical symptoms

  • GAE
  • keratitis
  • 1st documented by Stamm
  • INCUBATION: 10 days
  • infection is spread hematogenously from primary foci in skin, pharynx, or the respiratory tract
  • systemic infections occur in individuals with AIDS
  • ulcerative lesions, subcutaneous abscesses, or erythematous nodules
A

Acanthamoeba

35
Q

diagnosis

culture for B. hominis

A
  • Boeck and Drbohlav’s media
  • Nelson and Jones media
36
Q

pathogenesis

  • acute diarrhea with mucus and blood, cramps
  • intestinal perforation and acute appendicitis
  • “rounded base and wide neck”
  • usually non-pathogenic commensal in the large intestine
  • asymptomatic
A

Balantidium coli

37
Q

Blastocystis hominis

  • arise from vacuolated forms
  • produce many vacuolated forms
A

multiple fission form

38
Q

[CYST]
- SIZE: 8-25 um
- SHAPE: roundish with ragged edges
- NUCLEI: one
- KARYOSOME: large, central
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: absent
- CYTOPLASM: disorganized, granular, vacuolated (sometimes)
- INCLUSIONS: double cell wall, smooth inner cell wall and jagged outer cell wall

A

Acanthamoeba

parasitology (5 decks)

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