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Wine Sci > France > Flashcards

France Flashcards

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1
Q

Who introduced grapes to France?

A

Celts

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2
Q

How viticulture spread across France?

A

Under the Roman domination. From Rhone Valley to Bordeaux. Burgundy has been producing the highest quality of wine for 2500 years.

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3
Q

How does the traditional French system work?

A
  • The wine produced on a share crop basis by a ‘vigneron’, the person who grew the grapes and made wine for the owner. The vigneron kept half. The owner and vigneron both sold wine in bulk to an ‘eleveur’. Eleveur blend and sold the wine to ‘negociants’, distribute wine inc city.
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4
Q

What incident causes a major change in the vineyard?

A

Phylloxera in Rhone Valley spread through France, vigneron left the land. The huge cost needed to replant on resistant rootstock, so vineyards were sold to the wealthy.

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5
Q

French winemaking in 1900

A

replanting in rows allow machinery. Better understanding on fermentation allows increased scale and efficiency. Wine production became more business than lifestyle.

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6
Q

The France Appellation System

A

Introduced in 1935 to legally defined and protected geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown. France pioneered the Controlled Appellation of Origin wine law (AOC).

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7
Q

how does AOC works?

A

Labelling on bottle with “place name + appellation controlee. “

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8
Q

What type of wine does Burgundy produce?

A

Wine made from a single variety and mostly:

  • Chardonnay (white)
  • Pinot Noir (red)
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9
Q

Burgundy wine compare to Bordeaux wine

A

Burgundy wine has higher alcohol than Bordeaux by 13%;
Burgundy is often chaptalised, low colour, low tannin than Bordeaux. Burgundy tend to be high acidity that gives age ability since they tend to have less tannin. The Burgundy has a sloping shoulder compared to the high shoulder of Bordeaux bottle.

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10
Q

What type of wine does Chablis AC, Burgundy produces?

A

A cool region, high acid wine like Chardonnay (white wine). Green plum, apple and stony mineral characteristics. Subtle flavours and oak. basic Chablis is unoaked.

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11
Q

What type of wine does Beaujolais, Burgundy produce?

A

Light and fruity red wines made by carbonic maceration.
Gamay (raspberry, cherry fruit flavour with light tannins)
Beaujolais Nouveau released on 3rd Thursday NOV.

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12
Q

What type of wine does Bordeaux produce?

A

Largest AOC and AC in France. Produce the best wine in the world.
-Moderate Maritime climate with some cool wet summer resulting in high vintage variation. Some vintage need to chaptalise.
- Wines are not labelled by vineyard
- USually, varietal blends due to the variability in weather conditions- grapes ripen at different times.
- Only 15 grape varieties permitted :
red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec and Petit Verdot
White: Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon and Muscadelle

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13
Q

What is Chateau in Bordeaux?

A
  • Not part of the appellation system

- A chateau (castle) is a winery and the commune (village) name is secondary

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14
Q

The famous wine region in Bordeaux

A
  • Medoc AC, famous red wine region (Cabernet Sauvignon), left bank
  • Graves AC, Left bank, white wine (sauvignon blanc)
  • Saint Emilion AC and Pomerol AC, right bank, Merlot and Cabernet Franc.
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15
Q

Which region in Bordeaux produces sweet wine?

A
  • Very sweet honey like white wine made from botrytised grapes.
  • Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc and Muscadelle
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16
Q

What type of wine does Northern Rhone, Rhone Valley produce?

A
  • only 5% of the total production of Rhone wine
  • Highest reputation and prices
  • Narrow steep slopes with Southern exposure
  • Protected from cold North winds with continental climate (harsh winter)
  • Reds: Syrah (only one permitted in red AOC of Northern Rhone ), powerful, dark and tannic, black fruit, pepper and floral.
  • Whites: Viognier- exotic apricot, spice and floral with oak, Marsanne & Roussanne - blending partner weight from Marsanne and acidity and fruit from Roussanne.
17
Q

The famous wine region in Northern Rhone

A
  • Cote-Rotie AC, red wines (Syrah) with 1-2% of Viognier if co-fermented. Floral wines with smoky bacon characters.
  • Condrieu AC, White wines Viognier only
  • Hermitage AC, Most red from Syrah and whites from Marsanne and Roussanne.
18
Q

What type of wine does Southern Rhone, Rhone Valley produce?

A
  • Warmer (Mediterranean climate) and flatter with stony soils.
  • 95% of Rhone wine production (mainly red)
  • complex blend (up to 19)
    eg. Grenache, red fruit, jammy in warm vintages. Syrah supporting Grenache for extra colour and tannin and Mourvedre, long to ripen add savoury gamey flavours.
19
Q

the system in Southern Rhone

A 
Generic appellation- AOC regional, 
Cotes du Rhone AC,
Cotes du Rhone villages 95 communes
Cotes du Rhone village 17 communes
Cru (highest level).
20
Q

What type of wine does Alsace produce?

A
  • cool continental climate (between Germany and France)
  • White (90%) Pinot Gris, Riesling, Muscat, Gewurztraminer.
  • Red (10%): Pinot Noir
  • Sparkling: Cremant d’Alsace
  • Tall brown German bottles
21
Q

What type of wine does Loire valley produce?

A
  • history of growing grapes since 100AD
  • 2/3 size of Bordeaux, cool climate with continental in central vineyards and maritime toward Anjou and Nantes.
  • River raise growing temp resulting good ripen
  • Avoids barrels and malolactic fermentation to produce fresh fruit characters
  • White: Chenin Blanc- greatest white wine, dry, sweet with ageing potential, most famous from Vouvray AC. Sauvignon Blanc- Pouilly-Fume wine with gunflint aroma, Sancerre AC. Melon blanc- contact with lees.
  • Red: Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir.
22
Q

What type of wine does Champagne produce?

A
  • Unique: one appellation covers all of the wines
  • Chalky soils with good drainage.
  • Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier.
23
Q

Southern France Characteristic

A
  • Large area and production volumes.
  • warm and dry Mediterranean climate, most not AOC
  • Grenache mostly planted
24
Q

What are Cognac and Armagnac

A
  • Primarily brandy producers rather than table wine producers.
  • Brandy is the spirit distilled from wine
25
Q

what is cognac?

A
  • Only nine varieties allowed, Ugni Blanc and Colombard dry acidic and thin
  • A large producer must be double distilled in traditionally shaped Charentais copper stills.
  • aged in French oak barrels for at least 2 years with a minimum 40% alcohol
26
Q

What is Armagnac?

A
  • only 10 permitted, Ugni Blanc and Baco 22A
  • smaller producer, continuous column stills
  • Aged in barrels at least one year but thought to need longer barrel ageing than Cognac.
  • Unaged clear Armagnac called Blanche permitted.

Wine Sci (8 decks)

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