Fractures Flashcards
What are the 8 signs and symptoms of fractures?
- impaired function
- unnatural alignment (deformity)
- swelling
- possible muscle spasm
- tenderness and pain
- bruising or discolourisation around the break
- impaired sensation
- X- ray evidence of break
What are the 4 main types of fracture?
- open: break through intact skin, bone marrow exposed to ext. env. risk infection and osteomyelitis
- pathologic: occurs in bone which is weakened by disease eg. osteoporosis, bone metastasis, primary bone cancer
- commuted: more than 2 parts bone, harder to heal with callus formation
- impacted: pressure/ weight that causes break, impact or crushes the rest of that bone
What are the 10 classifications of fractures?
- closed= bone broken not skin
- open= bone broken protrude through skin
- greenstick= bone bent one side with incomplete fracture on other side
- hairline= crack in bone but bone aligned
- commuted= bone 3 or more pieces
- displaced: bone out of anatomical alignment
- impacted: bone fragments pushed into each other
- transverse: fracture line perpendicular to long axis of bone
- oblique= fracture line at angle to long axis of bone
- spiral: fracture line encircling bone
describe the 4 stages of callus formation when bone is broken causing damage to surrounding tissue and periosteum
(healing of fractures)
- Formation Haematoma= Bleeding due to damage to blood vessels in cortex and marrow.
- Haematoma organised into fibrous n/w ( bone needs to be immobile for this to occur due to lack of integrity and strength)
- Invasion of osteoblasts: deposit collagen to keep bone together for remodelling
- Callus formation: new bone generated through calcification, old bone destroyed.
- Remodelling: Trabeculae formation, excess callus removed. requires exercise to develop shape.
What are common fractures of the upper limbs?
- clavicle
- surgical neck humerus ( u. elderly)
- shaft of humerus
- radius/ ulna
- thumb side of the wrist ( colles fracture)
What are the common fractures of the lower limbs?
- Femur: neck, intertrochanteric fracture ( c. elderly), shaft
- Tibia and Fibula: common in young ppl often motorcycle and road/ othe vehicle accident
- bones of toes/foor
- bones make up ankle
What are the 3 types of repairs for fractures?
- realignment/ reduction: closed, open, traction
- Immobilisation: internal fixation (i.e. prosthesis, screw, plate, nail, wire), spints and casts
- physiotherapy
What needs to happen in order for healing of torn ligaments and tendons?
restoration of dislocation to normal position
What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation
DISLOCATION= total and temporary loss of contact between articular cartilage
SUBLUXATION= partial loss of contact between articular surfaces of 2 bones
Besides fractures, what are 4 other types of injuries of the skeletal muscle?
- STRAIN= tear/ injury to muscle or tendon ( strip sheet of fibrous CT that attaches skeletal muscles to bone)
- SPRAIN= tear or injury to a ligament ( bnand of fibrous CT that connects bone where they meet in a joint)
- AVULSION: complete sep of tendon/ lig from its bony att site
- MYOGLOBINURIA (RHABDOMYLOSIS)= release of myoglobin into bloodstream due to muscle damage/trauma
What is the difference between tendon and ligaments?
tendon= strip sheet of FCT att SM to bone
ligament= band of FCT that connects bone where they meet in a joinT
what are the symptoms of sprain and strain?
usually painful and accompanied by soft tissue injury, decreased range of motion and localised odema (swelling)
TM for sprain and strains
RICER Rest ice compression elevation referral
