Foundations of Ethical Behavior

Question 1

Personal Ethics

Answer 1

Engage conscientiously on personal ethical positions
Values central to self concepts
Value systems correspond to common morality or intuitive sense:
Honest
Helpful
**Trustworthy **
**Civil **

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

Beliefs and attitudes provide direction everday living
(honesty, confidentiality etc.)

Question 3

Ethics - General terminology

Answer 3

Moral principles - adopted by individual or group provide:
Rules for conduct

Question 4

Morality

Answer 4

Perspectives of right and proper conduct
Evaluation of action - based on broader cultural context / religious standard

Question 5

Ethics - APA
Philosophical point of view

Answer 5

Content of moral judgements - What is right and What is wrong
Nature - Judgements: objective or subjective
Normative ethics: Content of moral judgement
Metaethics: Judgements + objective or subjective -> moral philosophy

Question 6

Ethics - APA
Philosophical point of view (2)

Answer 6

Principles of morrally right conduct, appropriate to a specific field:
Example Research: Participants treated fairly
No harm
Results and Findings reported honestly

Question 7

Community standards

Key term

Answer 7

Definiton reasonable behaviour in a case involving malpractice and in law suit

Question 8

Reasonableness

Key term

Answer 8

Care is ordinarily exercised within professional community

Question 9

Professionalism

Key term

Answer 9

Relationship to ethical behaviour
Possibility to act unprofessionally but not unethically:
Example: Not returning phone call promptly -> unprofessional but not unethically only in crisis unethical
Late for session -> unprofessional
Shortening session -> unprofessional

Question 10

Levels of Ethical Practice

Aspirational ethics

Levels of Ethical Practice

Answer 10

Higher standards of thinking and conduct -> understanding the spirit behind the code
Constant self examination
Related to positive ethics: Providing services pro bono those in need -> how professionals can do better

Question 11

Mandatory Ethics

Answer 11

• Compliance with minimal standards
• Acknowledgement of musts and must nots (informed consent)

Question 12

Principle Ethics

Answer 12

Set of obligations
Focus on moral issues with goals:
1. Solving dilemma

2. Establishing framework -> guide ethical thinking + behaviour
   Answer to: What shall I do?
3. Virtue (character) ethics: Focus on IDEALS than obligations
   Character than action

Question 13

Virtue Ethics

Answer 13

Character
Mixture of:
* Motives
* Knowledge
* Character

PRUDENCE - Planning, Forethought, Judgement
INTEGRITY - Adherance Code of conduct
RESPECT - High regard/Special attention of others)
BENEVOLENCE - Helping others (doing good, italian va bene!)

Psychologist acts virtuously steady state of character; virtuous actions automatic; turn into habits

Question 14

Deontological Ethics - Duty Based Ethics

Immanuel Kant

Answer 14

Fulfill duties
Morality based on logic
Consequenes irrelevant when dealing with morality of an action
Act a certain way at all times

Principles involve:
Actions become universal law
Treat humanity as an END not means.
END->
* special value
* destinctive regard
* Person´s dignity by which “exact” they react

Question 15

Utilitarianism - Social consequentialism
Jeremy Betham &
Stuart James Mill

Answer 15

Humans: caught between pain and pleasure

Struggle: Moral value of act-> determined by consequences
Sum of happiness and unhappiness

Essentail features:
Consequential
Hedonistic
Universal

Question 16

Feminist model

Answer 16

Maximum involvement of client at every stage of the process
Dealing with fairness and abuse of power
Intrinsic worth (Kantian perspective) all individuals regardless of social rank and need to her their voices (avoid using them as means only and not as end in themselves)
Feminist principile: Power should be equalised

Question 17

Positive Ethics

Answer 17

Integrate professional ethics with beliefs that guide personal lives
Personal ethics and professional ethics: consistent
However, difference in implementation
Training should involve: How implementation takes place in personal and professional way -> Socialisation process. Similar to acculturation process.

Question 18

Acculturation process for psychologists

Answer 18

Being an ethical professional:
More than just being a nice person
Like going to a different culture

1. Assumption is undergoing a process -> learn ethical values + traditions
   learn what to keep from old culture
   reconcile differences between the two
2. Assumption: Becoming ethical active process includes:
   *Inspiration *
   *Excellence *
   Virtue in addition to codes and laws

Question 19

Transcultural integrative model

Answer 19

Includes cultural factors when resolving ethical dilemmas

Question 20

Social construtionist model

Answer 20

Focus social aspects
interactive decision making process instead of individual or intrapsyhic process -> decision on social context

Question 21

Kitchener Model

Answer 21

Oridnary model sense: combination of what we have learned about being moral and moral character
Immediate response based on:
Beliefs
Moral character
Knowledge about problem
Circumstances
of the problem

Question 22

Kitchener Model - Critical evaluative level:

Answer 22

consists of the moral principles of autonomy (freedom of action and choice),
beneficence (doing good), nonmaleficence (avoiding harm), justice (fairness)
Fidelity (commitments and promises)
Veracity (honesty)

Question 23

Ethical decision making process
ACA

Answer 23

1. Slow down decision making process + engage in intential course of ethical deliberation, consultation and action
2. Acknowledgement of emotions; play part in ethical decisions
3. Involve clients