Name the respective intermediate filament stains for the following tissues 1. Connective tissue (sarcomas) 2. Muscle (myosarcomas) 3. Neuroglia (glioblastoma) 4. Neurons -- axons (neuroblastoma) 5. Epithelium (carcinoma) 6. Neurons 7. Nuclear membrane/cytoskeleton

1. Vimentin 2. Desmin 3. GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein) 4. Neurofilaments types 1, 2, and 3 5. Cytokeratin 6. Peripherin 7. Nuclear lamins

Foundations/Cell Biology Flashcards by Eugenia Lee

What are the 3 different mechanisms cells employ to break down proteins?

Ubiquitin protein ligase
Lysosomes
Calcium-dependent enzymes

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Name the respective intermediate filament stains for the following tissues

Connective tissue (sarcomas)
Muscle (myosarcomas)
Neuroglia (glioblastoma)
Neurons – axons (neuroblastoma)
Epithelium (carcinoma)
Neurons
Nuclear membrane/cytoskeleton

Vimentin
Desmin
GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein)
Neurofilaments types 1, 2, and 3
Cytokeratin
Peripherin
Nuclear lamins

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What are the phases of the wound healing?

Inflammatory phase (Immediate)
0-3 hours ———————- Hemorrhage and clotting
12-24 hours ——————- Acute inflammation (infiltration of polymorphic neutrophils)

Proliferative phase (2-3 days after wound)
1-3 days ———————— Macrophage infiltration
———————— Granulation tissue (fibroblasts and vascular endothelium)
———————— Epithelialization

Remodeling (1 week after wound)
Weeks - months ————- Collagen profuction (Type III then Type I)

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What substances do cytotosic T cells and NK cells use to indude apoptosis in the cells infected with virus?

Granzymes
Perforin

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What highly damaging events can cause irreversible cell injury?

Calcium influx
Damage of the plasma membrane
Damage of the nucleus
Rupture of the lysosome
Mitochondrial permeability

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What adult structures are derived from surface ectoderm?

Anterior hypothalamus (from Rathke pouch)
Lens of the eye
Sensory organs of the ear
Olfactory epithelium
Epithelial linings of the oral cavity
Epidermis
Anal canal below the pectinate line (which is skin)
Parotid, sweat and mammary glands

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What adult structures are derived from the neuroectoderm?

Brain
>> CNS neurons
>> CNS glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
>> Posterior hypothalamus
>> Pineal gland
Retina and optic nerve
Spinal cord

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What adult structures are derived from the neural crest?

PNS
>> Autonomic nervous system
>> Dorsal root ganglia
>> Sensory nerves
>> Celiac ganglia
>> Cranial nerves
>> Schwann cells
Pia and arachnoid mater
Eyes: cornea, sclera, ciliary muscle and iris pigment cells (anterior chamber)
Ears: ossicles of the middle ear
Mouth: odontoblasts
Thyroid: parafollicular C cells
Heart: aorticopulmonary septum (really an embryological structure)
Adrenal gland: chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Digestive sytstem: enteric nervous system, enterochromaffin cells
Skin: melanocytes

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What adult structures are derived from the mesoderm?

Muscle
Bone
Connective tissue
Serous linings of the body cavities: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
Spleen
Blood, lymphatics and vessels
Other viscera:
>> Wall of the gut tube
>> Vagina
>> Kidneys
>> Adrenal cortex
>> Testes and ovaries
Dermis

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What adult structures are derived from the endoderm?

Gut tube epithelium all the way down to the anal canal above the pectinate line
Most of the urethra
Luminal epithelial derivates:
>> Eustachian tube
>> Thymus
>> Thyroid follicular cells
>> Parathyroid
>> Lungs
>> Liver
>> Gallbladder
>> Pancreas

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What is the embryological origin of:

Olfactory epithelium?

Surface ectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Mammary glands?

Surface ectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Odontoblasts?

Neural crest

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What is the embryological origin of:

Blood?

Mesoderm

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What is the embryological orgin of:

Lens of the eyes?

Surface ectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Retina?

Neuroectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Anterior pituitary?

Surface ectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Cornea, sclera, ciliary muscles and iris pigment cells?

Neural crest

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What is the embryological origin of:

Oligodendrocytes?

Neuroectoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Liver?

Endoderm?

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What is the embryological origin of:

Thyroid?

Endoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Testes and ovaries?

Mesoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Eustachian tube?

Endoderm

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What is the embryological origin of:

Spleen?

Mesoderm

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What is the embryological origin of: Adrenal glands?

Mesoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Sweat glands?

Surface ectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Thymus?

Endoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Kidneys?

Mesoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Schwann cells?

Neural crest

What is the embryological origin of: Pancreas?

Endoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Parathyroid?

Endoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Epidermis?

Surface ectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Urethra?

Endoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Middle ear ossicles

Neural crest

What is the embryological origin of: Mammary glands?

Surface ectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Lungs?

Endoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Optic nerve?

Neuroectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Sensory organs of the ear?

Surface ectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Salivary glands?

Surface ectoderm

What is the embryological origin of: Pineal gland?

Neuroectoderm

Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G₁phase to the S phase?

Cyclin D + CDK 4 Cyclin E + CDK 2

Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G₂ phase to M phase?

Cyclin A + CDK 2 Cyclin B + CDK 1

Which amino acids are nuclear localization signals rich in?

- Proline - Lysine - Arginine \>\> Nuclear localization signals are amino acid sequences 4-8 amino acids long, and are signals nuclear pores recognize and allow access to the nucleus

What amino acids are modified by the Golgi apparatus?

- **Asparagine** -- N-oligosaccharides - **Threonine** and **Serine** -- O-oligosaccharides - **Tyrosine** -- sulfate

What molecule does the Golgi apparatus add to proteins in order to direct the proteins to the lysosomes?

Mannose-6-phosphate

What are the presenting features of a patient with I-cell disease?

- Intellectual disability - Corneal clouding - Coarse facies - Hepatosplenomegaly - Skeletal abnormalities - Restricted joint movements \>\> Inherited lysosomal storage disorder \>\> Defect in phosphotransferase \>\> Often fatal in childhood

What structures are derived from the first branchial arch?

_The **M**s and **T**s_ ## Footnote _Cartilage_ - **M**eckel cartilage - **M**andible - **M**alleus and incus - Spheno-**m**andibular ligament _Muscles_ - **M**uscles of **M**astication - **M**ylohyoid - **T**ensor veli palatini - **T**ensor **t**ympani _Nerves_ - **M**axillary nerve (CNV₂) - **M**andibular nerve (CNV₃)

What structures are derived from the first branchial cleft?

External auditory meatus

What structures are derived from the second branchial arch?

The **S**es for the **S**econd pharyngeal/branchial arch ## Footnote _Cartilage_ - **S**tapes - **S**tyloid process - Lesser horn of hyoid - **S**tylohyoid ligament _Muscles_ - Muscles of facial expression - **S**tapedius - **S**tylohyoid - Platy**S**ma - Diga**S**tric muscle _Nerve_ - Facial nerve (the nerve that makes you **S**mile)

What structures are derived from the third pharyngeal/brachial arch?

Think **pharynx**. ## Footnote _Cartilage_ - Greater horn of the hyoid _Muscles_ - Stylo**pharyngeus** _Nerves_ - CNIX Glosso**pharyngeal** nerve

What structures are derived from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

Think **larynx**. ## Footnote _Cartilage_ - Thyroid - Cricoid - Arytenoids - Corniculate - Cuneiform _Muscles_ - 4th arch: \>\> Pharyngeal constrictors \>\> Cricothyroid - 6th arch: \>\> All **intrinsic** **laryngeal** muscles except the cricothyroid muscle _Nerves_ - 4th arch: **superior laryngeal nerve** of the CNX - 6th arch: **recurrent laryngeal nerve** of the CNX

What structures are derived from the 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts?

Temporary cervical sinuses: eventually obliterated

What structures are derived from the first branchial/pharyngeal pouch?

- Middle ear cavity - Eustachian tube - Mastoid air cells

What structures are derived from the second pouch?

Epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil

What structures are derived from the third pharyngeal/branchial pouch?

- Inferior parathyroids (dorsal wing) - Thymus (ventral wing)

What structures are derived from the fourth pharyngeal/branchial pouch?

Superior parathyroids

Which amino acids is collagen rich in?

- Glycine - Proline - Lysine - Hydroxyproline - Hydroxylysine

Which amino acids is elastin rich in?

- Glycine - Proline \>\> NON-hydroxylated

What is elastin made of?

Tropoelastin with **fibrillin** scaffolding

Name the main 3 types of Ehlers Danlos syndrome. What are their respective clinical features?

- Classical type (Collagen types I and V) \>\> Skin tenting \>\> Hypermobile joints - Hypermobility type (Collagen type I mainly) \>\> Hypermobile joints - Vascular type (Collagen type III) \>\> Aneurysm rupture \>\> Hemorrhages \>\> Easy bruising \>\> Berry aneurysms