Foundations/Cell Biology Flashcards
What are the 3 different mechanisms cells employ to break down proteins?
- Ubiquitin protein ligase
- Lysosomes
- Calcium-dependent enzymes
Name the respective intermediate filament stains for the following tissues
- Connective tissue (sarcomas)
- Muscle (myosarcomas)
- Neuroglia (glioblastoma)
- Neurons – axons (neuroblastoma)
- Epithelium (carcinoma)
- Neurons
- Nuclear membrane/cytoskeleton
- Vimentin
- Desmin
- GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein)
- Neurofilaments types 1, 2, and 3
- Cytokeratin
- Peripherin
- Nuclear lamins
What are the phases of the wound healing?
Inflammatory phase (Immediate)
0-3 hours ———————- Hemorrhage and clotting
12-24 hours ——————- Acute inflammation (infiltration of polymorphic neutrophils)
Proliferative phase (2-3 days after wound)
1-3 days ———————— Macrophage infiltration
———————— Granulation tissue (fibroblasts and vascular endothelium)
———————— Epithelialization
Remodeling (1 week after wound)
Weeks - months ————- Collagen profuction (Type III then Type I)
What substances do cytotosic T cells and NK cells use to indude apoptosis in the cells infected with virus?
- Granzymes
- Perforin
What highly damaging events can cause irreversible cell injury?
- Calcium influx
- Damage of the plasma membrane
- Damage of the nucleus
- Rupture of the lysosome
- Mitochondrial permeability
What adult structures are derived from surface ectoderm?
- Anterior hypothalamus (from Rathke pouch)
- Lens of the eye
- Sensory organs of the ear
- Olfactory epithelium
- Epithelial linings of the oral cavity
- Epidermis
- Anal canal below the pectinate line (which is skin)
- Parotid, sweat and mammary glands
What adult structures are derived from the neuroectoderm?
- Brain
>> CNS neurons
>> CNS glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
>> Posterior hypothalamus
>> Pineal gland - Retina and optic nerve
- Spinal cord
What adult structures are derived from the neural crest?
- PNS
>> Autonomic nervous system
>> Dorsal root ganglia
>> Sensory nerves
>> Celiac ganglia
>> Cranial nerves
>> Schwann cells - Pia and arachnoid mater
- Eyes: cornea, sclera, ciliary muscle and iris pigment cells (anterior chamber)
- Ears: ossicles of the middle ear
- Mouth: odontoblasts
- Thyroid: parafollicular C cells
- Heart: aorticopulmonary septum (really an embryological structure)
- Adrenal gland: chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
- Digestive sytstem: enteric nervous system, enterochromaffin cells
- Skin: melanocytes
What adult structures are derived from the mesoderm?
- Muscle
- Bone
- Connective tissue
- Serous linings of the body cavities: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
- Spleen
- Blood, lymphatics and vessels
- Other viscera:
>> Wall of the gut tube
>> Vagina
>> Kidneys
>> Adrenal cortex
>> Testes and ovaries - Dermis
What adult structures are derived from the endoderm?
- Gut tube epithelium all the way down to the anal canal above the pectinate line
- Most of the urethra
- Luminal epithelial derivates:
>> Eustachian tube
>> Thymus
>> Thyroid follicular cells
>> Parathyroid
>> Lungs
>> Liver
>> Gallbladder
>> Pancreas
What is the embryological origin of:
Olfactory epithelium?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Mammary glands?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Odontoblasts?
Neural crest
What is the embryological origin of:
Blood?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological orgin of:
Lens of the eyes?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Retina?
Neuroectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Anterior pituitary?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Cornea, sclera, ciliary muscles and iris pigment cells?
Neural crest
What is the embryological origin of:
Oligodendrocytes?
Neuroectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Liver?
Endoderm?
What is the embryological origin of:
Thyroid?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Testes and ovaries?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Eustachian tube?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Spleen?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Adrenal glands?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Sweat glands?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Thymus?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Kidneys?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Schwann cells?
Neural crest
What is the embryological origin of:
Pancreas?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Parathyroid?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Epidermis?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Urethra?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Middle ear ossicles
Neural crest
What is the embryological origin of:
Mammary glands?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Lungs?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Optic nerve?
Neuroectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Sensory organs of the ear?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Salivary glands?
Surface ectoderm
What is the embryological origin of:
Pineal gland?
Neuroectoderm
Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G1 phase to the S phase?
Cyclin D + CDK 4
Cyclin E + CDK 2
Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G2 phase to M phase?
Cyclin A + CDK 2
Cyclin B + CDK 1
Which amino acids are nuclear localization signals rich in?
- Proline
- Lysine
- Arginine
>> Nuclear localization signals are amino acid sequences 4-8 amino acids long, and are signals nuclear pores recognize and allow access to the nucleus
What amino acids are modified by the Golgi apparatus?
- Asparagine – N-oligosaccharides
- Threonine and Serine – O-oligosaccharides
- Tyrosine – sulfate
What molecule does the Golgi apparatus add to proteins in order to direct the proteins to the lysosomes?
Mannose-6-phosphate
What are the presenting features of a patient with I-cell disease?
- Intellectual disability
- Corneal clouding
- Coarse facies
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Skeletal abnormalities
- Restricted joint movements
>> Inherited lysosomal storage disorder
>> Defect in phosphotransferase
>> Often fatal in childhood
What structures are derived from the first branchial arch?
The Ms and Ts
Cartilage
- Meckel cartilage
- Mandible
- Malleus and incus
- Spheno-mandibular ligament
Muscles
- Muscles of Mastication
- Mylohyoid
- Tensor veli palatini
- Tensor tympani
Nerves
- Maxillary nerve (CNV2)
- Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
What structures are derived from the first branchial cleft?
External auditory meatus
What structures are derived from the second branchial arch?
The Ses for the Second pharyngeal/branchial arch
Cartilage
- Stapes
- Styloid process
- Lesser horn of hyoid
- Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles
- Muscles of facial expression
- Stapedius
- Stylohyoid
- PlatySma
- DigaStric muscle
Nerve
- Facial nerve (the nerve that makes you Smile)
What structures are derived from the third pharyngeal/brachial arch?
Think pharynx.
Cartilage
- Greater horn of the hyoid
Muscles
- Stylopharyngeus
Nerves
- CNIX Glossopharyngeal nerve
What structures are derived from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Think larynx.
Cartilage
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Arytenoids
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
Muscles
- 4th arch:
>> Pharyngeal constrictors
>> Cricothyroid
- 6th arch:
>> All intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle
Nerves
- 4th arch: superior laryngeal nerve of the CNX
- 6th arch: recurrent laryngeal nerve of the CNX
What structures are derived from the 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts?
Temporary cervical sinuses: eventually obliterated
What structures are derived from the first branchial/pharyngeal pouch?
- Middle ear cavity
- Eustachian tube
- Mastoid air cells
What structures are derived from the second pouch?
Epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil
What structures are derived from the third pharyngeal/branchial pouch?
- Inferior parathyroids (dorsal wing)
- Thymus (ventral wing)
What structures are derived from the fourth pharyngeal/branchial pouch?
Superior parathyroids
Which amino acids is collagen rich in?
- Glycine
- Proline
- Lysine
- Hydroxyproline
- Hydroxylysine
Which amino acids is elastin rich in?
- Glycine
- Proline
>> NON-hydroxylated
What is elastin made of?
Tropoelastin with fibrillin scaffolding
Name the main 3 types of Ehlers Danlos syndrome. What are their respective clinical features?
- Classical type (Collagen types I and V)
>> Skin tenting
>> Hypermobile joints - Hypermobility type (Collagen type I mainly)
>> Hypermobile joints - Vascular type (Collagen type III)
>> Aneurysm rupture
>> Hemorrhages
>> Easy bruising
>> Berry aneurysms
