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USMLE Step 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the side effects of amiodarone?

A
  • Pulmonary fibrosis (PFT)
  • Hepatotoxicity (LFT)
  • Hypo- and hyperthyroidism (TFT)
  • Corneal deposits
  • Photosensitivity
  • Neurological symptoms
  • Constipation
  • CVS symptoms: AV block etc.

>> Check the PFT, LFT and TFT

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2
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Truncus arteriosus

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3
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth parts of the left and right ventricles?

A

Bulbus cordis

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4
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Trabeculated part of the left and right atria?

A

Primitive atria

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5
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles?

A

Primitive ventricle

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6
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth part of the left atrium?

A

Primitive pulmonary vein

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7
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth part of the right atrium?

A

Right horn of the sinus venosus

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8
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

The Coronary Sinus?

A

Left horn of the sinus venosus

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9
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Superior Vena Cava?

A

Right common and right anterior cardinal veins

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10
Q

What does the primitive atria give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the right and left atria

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11
Q

What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?

A

Trabeculated parts of the right and left ventricles

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12
Q

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

Smooth outflow tracts of the right and left venticles

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13
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?

A

Ascending aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What does the sinus venosus give rise to?

A
  • *Right**: smooth part of the right atria
  • *Left**: coronary sinus
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15
Q

What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to?

A

Smooth part of the left atrium

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16
Q

What do the right common and anterior cardinal veins give rise to?

A

Superior vena cava

17
Q

What does the first aortic arch give rise to?

A

Maxillary artery

18
Q

What does the second aortic arch give rise to?

A

Stapedius and hyoid arteries

19
Q

What does the third aortic arch give rise to?

A

Common carotid artery
Proximal part of the internal carotid artery

20
Q

What does the fourth aortic arch give rise to?

A
  • *Left arch**: aortic arch
  • *Right arch**: proximal part of the right subclavian artery
21
Q

What does the sixth aortic arch give rise to?

A

Proximal parts of the pulmonary arteries
Left arch: ductus arteriosus

22
Q

Why should beta-blockers never be used in suspected cocaine intoxication?

A

Beta-blockers can lead to severe hypertension from unopposed alpha-1 activation (you block the beta-2 receptors along with the beta-1 receptors, which discounts the possible vasodilating effects of cocaine on the beta-2 receptors)

23
Q

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Pansystolilc murmur heard best at the apex, often radiating to the left axilla

A

Mitral regurgitation

24
Q

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Crescendo-descrecsendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd right intercostal space close to the sternum

A

Aortic stenosis

25
Q

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

26
Q

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum

A

Tricuspid stenosis

27
Q

What heart defect is associated with chromosome 22q11 deletion?

A
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Truncus arteriosus
28
Q

What heart defect is associated with congenital rubella?

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Pulmonary artery stenosis
29
Q

What heart defect is associated with Turner syndrome?

A
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Bicuspid aortic valve

>> RMB: also associated with increased risk for ovarian dysgerminoma development (equivalent to male seminoma with sheets of “fried egg” cells and elevated beta-hCG and LDH levels)

30
Q

What heart defect is associated with Marfan syndrome?

A
  • Aortic insufficiency

>> Also associated with mitral valve prolapse, arachnodactyly and lens subluxation

31
Q

In TOF, the severity of symptoms in patients largely depends on….?

A

The severity of pulmonic stenosis

  • The VSD is usually large and nonrestrictive; the direction of the shunt through the defect is dependent on the pressure gradient between the two sides
  • If the pulmonic stenosis is severe, RV pressure is higher than LV pressure: R>>L shunt — cyanosis
  • If the pulmonic stenosis is not severe, RV pressure is lower than LV pressure: L>>R shunt — acyanosis

USMLE Step 1 (14 decks)

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