Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the side effects of amiodarone?
- Pulmonary fibrosis (PFT)
- Hepatotoxicity (LFT)
- Hypo- and hyperthyroidism (TFT)
- Corneal deposits
- Photosensitivity
- Neurological symptoms
- Constipation
- CVS symptoms: AV block etc.
>> Check the PFT, LFT and TFT
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Truncus arteriosus
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Smooth parts of the left and right ventricles?
Bulbus cordis
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Trabeculated part of the left and right atria?
Primitive atria
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles?
Primitive ventricle
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Smooth part of the left atrium?
Primitive pulmonary vein
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Smooth part of the right atrium?
Right horn of the sinus venosus
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
The Coronary Sinus?
Left horn of the sinus venosus
What embryonic structure gives rise to:
Superior Vena Cava?
Right common and right anterior cardinal veins
What does the primitive atria give rise to?
Trabeculated parts of the right and left atria
What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?
Trabeculated parts of the right and left ventricles
What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?
Smooth outflow tracts of the right and left venticles
What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?
Ascending aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
What does the sinus venosus give rise to?
- *Right**: smooth part of the right atria
- *Left**: coronary sinus
What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to?
Smooth part of the left atrium
What do the right common and anterior cardinal veins give rise to?
Superior vena cava
What does the first aortic arch give rise to?
Maxillary artery
What does the second aortic arch give rise to?
Stapedius and hyoid arteries
What does the third aortic arch give rise to?
Common carotid artery
Proximal part of the internal carotid artery
What does the fourth aortic arch give rise to?
- *Left arch**: aortic arch
- *Right arch**: proximal part of the right subclavian artery
What does the sixth aortic arch give rise to?
Proximal parts of the pulmonary arteries
Left arch: ductus arteriosus
Why should beta-blockers never be used in suspected cocaine intoxication?
Beta-blockers can lead to severe hypertension from unopposed alpha-1 activation (you block the beta-2 receptors along with the beta-1 receptors, which discounts the possible vasodilating effects of cocaine on the beta-2 receptors)
What defect is associated with the following murmur:
Pansystolilc murmur heard best at the apex, often radiating to the left axilla
Mitral regurgitation
What defect is associated with the following murmur:
Crescendo-descrecsendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd right intercostal space close to the sternum
Aortic stenosis
What defect is associated with the following murmur:
Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click?
Mitral valve prolapse
What defect is associated with the following murmur:
Late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum
Tricuspid stenosis
What heart defect is associated with chromosome 22q11 deletion?
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Truncus arteriosus
What heart defect is associated with congenital rubella?
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Pulmonary artery stenosis
What heart defect is associated with Turner syndrome?
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Bicuspid aortic valve
>> RMB: also associated with increased risk for ovarian dysgerminoma development (equivalent to male seminoma with sheets of “fried egg” cells and elevated beta-hCG and LDH levels)
What heart defect is associated with Marfan syndrome?
- Aortic insufficiency
>> Also associated with mitral valve prolapse, arachnodactyly and lens subluxation
In TOF, the severity of symptoms in patients largely depends on….?
The severity of pulmonic stenosis
- The VSD is usually large and nonrestrictive; the direction of the shunt through the defect is dependent on the pressure gradient between the two sides
- If the pulmonic stenosis is severe, RV pressure is higher than LV pressure: R>>L shunt — cyanosis
- If the pulmonic stenosis is not severe, RV pressure is lower than LV pressure: L>>R shunt — acyanosis
