Foundation Of Life

Question 1

Basic unit of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Living things that are made up of one cell only (bacteria and protozoa) are called

Answer 2

Unicellular organisms

Question 3

Living things that are made up of many cells (plants and animals) are called

Answer 3

Multicellular organisms

Question 4

Multicellular organisms are ________, which means they can be seen by the unaided eye

Answer 4

Macroscopic

Question 5

Unicellular organisms are _______, which means they are so small that you cannot see them with unaided eyes

Answer 5

Microscopic

Question 6

Is an instrument used to view objects that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It can magnify the size of very small objects

Answer 6

Microscope

Question 7

Earliest form of lens

Answer 7

Before the microscope was invented, the Romans had already invented and experimented with glasses during the first century. One of these glass samples involved a piece that had thick middle and thin edges. These lenses were not fully utilized until the 13th century, when they were finally used in eyeglass production. These lenses can magnify objects only at 6x-10x

Question 8

Latin word of lens

Answer 8

Lentil (closely resembled the shape of the lentil bean)

Question 9

He invented the first compound microscope around 1595 and probably had help from his father Hans.

Answer 9

Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638)

They made these microscope by placing several lenses together, and discovered that objects were further enlarged upon viewing

Question 10

In 1665, he examined a thin slice of cork under the microscope that he built.

Answer 10

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Question 11

Robert Hooke was able to see and observe small compartments of the cork and named it ______ because they reminded him of the _______ in the monastery

Answer 11

Cellula, little rooms

Question 12

He created a microscope with a much higher magnification than Hooke used. He used this microscope to observe specimens such as bacteria, blood cells, and protists

Answer 12

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Question 13

He was a professor of botany at the University of Jena, Germany and published his research in 1838 which was based on several years of studying different types of plants under the microscope

Answer 13

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Question 14

He was a professor of physiology at the University of Louvain, Belgium and published his research based on his study of several slides of animal cells

Answer 14

Theodor Schwann

Question 15

Upon studying how cells played a role in body diseases, he noticed that the existence of diseases in the organs and tissues come from affected cells. He proved the last postulate.

Answer 15

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow in 1858

Question 16

He, a Jewish scientist, tried to prove the idea of cell division by hardening the cell membrane

Answer 16

Robert Remak in 1855

Question 17

3 postulates of the cell theory

Answer 17

All organisms are made up of cells
The basic unit of life is the cell
Omnis cellula e cellula (all cells arise from preexisting cells)

Question 18

Organisms can come from nonliving sources and was generally accepted until 19th century. It contradicts the cell theory’s third postulate

Answer 18

The Spontaneous Generation

Question 19

In 1668, he experimented on fresh meat in jars and one of the scientist to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
•1 jar was left open (had maggots feeding on meat)
•1 jar was covered with gauze (no maggots on the meat, some are present on the cloth)
•1 jar was sealed airtight

Answer 19

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

Question 20

In 1745, he boiled the chicken broth in a container and then sealed it but days later, microorganism still grew on the surface of the chicken broth thus supports the spontaneous generation since there was no other source of life other than the broth

Answer 20

John Needham (1713-1781)

Question 21

He was not convinced by the experiment of Needham (microorganism might entered the broth from air between the time after broth was cooled abd before it was sealed)

He sealed the flask and boiled the chicken broth in it, no microorganisms observed

He boiled the chicken broth but not sealed, microorganisms grew

This result is a proof that theory of spontaneous generation could not be true

Answer 21

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

Question 22

In 1859, he put the meat broth in 2 separate S-shaped flasks without a seal and then boiled to kill any existing microbes.

1 flask, he broke the swan neck and dust particles eventually fell on the broth. It became cloudy, a sign that microorganisms had entered the broth

1 flask retained the swan neck and dust particles only got through the bottom bend keeping the broth sterile. The bottom bend had darkened

• microorganisms were introduced through dust particles and did not rise from the broth itself
• finally proved that theory if spontaneous generation was flawed

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)