Foundation 3 Flashcards
What is the human microbiome
The term used to describe all microorganisms within the human body
What are commensal bacteria
Bacteria found colonising in a normal healthy body
What are the first bodily systems to be colonised by bacteria
The urinary tract, Gi tract and then other muscousal surfaces
What is the role of commensal bacteria
Protecting against and outcompeting pathogenic bacteria
Aiding digestion and vitamin production
Stimulating an immune response
What can occur upon the distribution of normal flora to other body parts
This can lead to infections as normally non-pathogenic organisms may become opportunistic
What is a pathogenic organism
One that can or has the potential to cause disease
What are opportunistic conditions
When a pathogen in normal flora has taken advantage of an opportunistic situation to cause a disease
What are the main points of entry for a pathogen
Urogenital tract
Respiratory tract
Conjunctiva
Scratch, injury
What are the virulence factors of a bacteria pathogen
The factors that make the bacteria pathogenic
What are the key virulence factors (6)
Entry into the host Ability to adhere onto cells Ability to invade host tissues Toxin production Avoiding the immune system The potential for antibiotic resistance
What is the role of a viral capsid
It protects the genome and provides more resistance to drying
What are the two type of virus cells
Enveloped and naked virions
What is the envelope of a virion cell derived from and what is on the surface
The cell it has invaded
Often contain virally derived glycoproteins that allow it to bind and be taken up by cells
How many types of viral genomes are there
7
What causes disruption of normal flora
Immunocompromised state
Ageing
Prolonged hospitalisation
Antibiotic treatment
What is the transient colonisation of bacteria
This is the spreading of bacteria from one person to another through contact or airbone
Disappear over time and don’t intefere
What is premanent colonisation of bacteria
Contact with a person that find permanent colonisation on a person
What is the staining technique of bacteria
Gram staining
What colour are gram negative and positive bacteria
Pink is gram-negative
Purple is gram positive
What type of bacteria are the gonnorhea and meningitis pathogen
Gram negative coccus
What are examples of some gram positive cocci
The pathogens for food poisoning, wound infection and pneumonia
What is an example of a coccobacillus
haemophilius influenzae which causes meningitis and pneumonia
What are some example of gram negative rod bacteria
E.coli
Salmonella
Many opportunistic infections
What are endospores
These are formed by certain bacteria and are dormant forms of a cell that can survive high temperature, Uv radiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic destruction
What is an example of vibrio bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
What is an example of a spirochete bacteria
Treponema pallidum that causes syphilis
What is an example of a gram -ve spiral
Campylobacter jejuni which causes gastroenteritis
What is interprofessional education
This is when students from various professions learn from each other to improve their quality of care
What are histopathologists
They specialise in making diagnoses of different types of lung cancer from biopsy results
What is the role of specialist nurses
These liase with the patient to give support and advice to them and their family
Why is the integration of healht and social care becoming more relevant to society
We have an ageing population so many people are requiring treatment within the community and alongside their social care
Social factors such as smoking and alcohol have a clear link to disease
How do you care for your hands in order to reduce transmission risk
Bare below the elbows
One plain band on finger
No false nails, nail polish or gels
Effective and consistent hand hygiene
When should you wash your hands
After coughing and sneezing
After the toilet
Before and after eating
What are the 5 clinical moments of hand hygiene:
Before patient contact Before an aseptic technique After body fluid exposure After patient contact After contact with patient surroundings
What areas are commonly missed during hand washing
Thumbs, finger webs, fingers tips and wrists
Where is transient skin flora found
On the surfaces of the skin and transfer between the environment
Where is resident skin flora found
In deep crevices and is not easily removed or transferred to others
Why can’t viruses replicate outside of other living cells
They don’t have their own machinery for genome replication, transcription or translation
What are prions
Infectious, abnormally folded proteins that are replicated in the host by producing normal proteins of the same type to adopt an abnormal structure
What is a build of abnormal misfolded proteins called
An amyloid plaque
Are protozoa uni or multi cellular and are they eukaryotic or prokaryotic
These are unicellular structures that are eukaryotic
What examples of diseases do protozoa cause
malaria and giardia
What are helminths
Multicellular worms that can cause infections such as tapeworms and flukes
What is the most common parasitic worm infection in the UK
Threadworm
What are the three major forms of life
Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes)
Eukaryotes
What are some key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes v eukaryotes Naked DNA vs Protein bound Circular DNA v linear No Nucleus v nucleus 70S ribosomes vs 80S Binary fission v mitosis and meiosis Single chromosomes v paired
What is the difference in the outer layers of a gram positive and negative bacteria
Gram-positive have a cell wall, cell membrane and a cytoplasm
Negative have an extra membrane on the outside consisting of an inner and outer membrane
What is on the gram-negative outer membranes that means they frequently cause disease in humans
They have lipopolysaccharide and endotoxins attached
What allows gram positive bacteria to be more susceptible to lysozymes
These enzymes destroy the cell walls of bacteria and gram, positive bacteria greatly rely on their cell walls
Which type of bacteria is usually less susceptible to penicillin
Gram negative bacteria
What is the periplasm and what is its function
It is the space between the inner and outer membrane on gram negative bacteria and is the site of many biochemical activities
What are endotoxins with regards to gram negative bacteria
The lipopolysaccharide complex associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens
How can you identify bacteria
Visible features through microscopy
Swab samples on bacterial agar and incubation (tonsilitis)
Biochemical testing to see how specific bacteria metabolise
What are exotoxins
These are secreted by bacteria to act at a site removed from bacterial growth
In some cases only released by lysis of the cell
What is attachment of a virus
The specific interaction between a protein on the virus surface and the host cell
What is entry of a virus
When it is taken up into a specific cell
What is the assembly stage of the viral life cycle
This is when viral proteins come together with viral nucleic acids to form new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells
What does negative sense viral RNA need to be converted into first in order to translate proteins
Positive sense mRNA
What is positive sense mRNA converted into by RNA polymerase and what can this be used for
Double stranded viral RNA which can be used to directly translate proteins
what enzyme do retroviruses use to integrate their viral DNA into the hosts genome
Reverse transcriptase
