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Year 1 Medicine Newcastle > Foundation 3 > Flashcards

Foundation 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human microbiome

A

The term used to describe all microorganisms within the human body

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2
Q

What are commensal bacteria

A

Bacteria found colonising in a normal healthy body

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3
Q

What are the first bodily systems to be colonised by bacteria

A

The urinary tract, Gi tract and then other muscousal surfaces

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4
Q

What is the role of commensal bacteria

A

Protecting against and outcompeting pathogenic bacteria
Aiding digestion and vitamin production
Stimulating an immune response

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5
Q

What can occur upon the distribution of normal flora to other body parts

A

This can lead to infections as normally non-pathogenic organisms may become opportunistic

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6
Q

What is a pathogenic organism

A

One that can or has the potential to cause disease

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7
Q

What are opportunistic conditions

A

When a pathogen in normal flora has taken advantage of an opportunistic situation to cause a disease

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8
Q

What are the main points of entry for a pathogen

A

Urogenital tract
Respiratory tract
Conjunctiva
Scratch, injury

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9
Q

What are the virulence factors of a bacteria pathogen

A

The factors that make the bacteria pathogenic

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10
Q

What are the key virulence factors (6)

A 
Entry into the host
Ability to adhere onto cells 
Ability to invade host tissues 
Toxin production 
Avoiding the immune system 
The potential for antibiotic resistance
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11
Q

What is the role of a viral capsid

A

It protects the genome and provides more resistance to drying

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12
Q

What are the two type of virus cells

A

Enveloped and naked virions

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13
Q

What is the envelope of a virion cell derived from and what is on the surface

A

The cell it has invaded

Often contain virally derived glycoproteins that allow it to bind and be taken up by cells

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14
Q

How many types of viral genomes are there

A

7

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15
Q

What causes disruption of normal flora

A

Immunocompromised state
Ageing
Prolonged hospitalisation
Antibiotic treatment

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16
Q

What is the transient colonisation of bacteria

A

This is the spreading of bacteria from one person to another through contact or airbone
Disappear over time and don’t intefere

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17
Q

What is premanent colonisation of bacteria

A

Contact with a person that find permanent colonisation on a person

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18
Q

What is the staining technique of bacteria

A

Gram staining

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19
Q

What colour are gram negative and positive bacteria

A

Pink is gram-negative

Purple is gram positive

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20
Q

What type of bacteria are the gonnorhea and meningitis pathogen

A

Gram negative coccus

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21
Q

What are examples of some gram positive cocci

A

The pathogens for food poisoning, wound infection and pneumonia

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22
Q

What is an example of a coccobacillus

A

haemophilius influenzae which causes meningitis and pneumonia

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23
Q

What are some example of gram negative rod bacteria

A

E.coli
Salmonella
Many opportunistic infections

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24
Q

What are endospores

A

These are formed by certain bacteria and are dormant forms of a cell that can survive high temperature, Uv radiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic destruction

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25
Q

What is an example of vibrio bacteria

A

Vibrio cholerae

26
Q

What is an example of a spirochete bacteria

A

Treponema pallidum that causes syphilis

27
Q

What is an example of a gram -ve spiral

A

Campylobacter jejuni which causes gastroenteritis

28
Q

What is interprofessional education

A

This is when students from various professions learn from each other to improve their quality of care

29
Q

What are histopathologists

A

They specialise in making diagnoses of different types of lung cancer from biopsy results

30
Q

What is the role of specialist nurses

A

These liase with the patient to give support and advice to them and their family

31
Q

Why is the integration of healht and social care becoming more relevant to society

A

We have an ageing population so many people are requiring treatment within the community and alongside their social care
Social factors such as smoking and alcohol have a clear link to disease

32
Q

How do you care for your hands in order to reduce transmission risk

A

Bare below the elbows
One plain band on finger
No false nails, nail polish or gels
Effective and consistent hand hygiene

33
Q

When should you wash your hands

A

After coughing and sneezing
After the toilet
Before and after eating

34
Q

What are the 5 clinical moments of hand hygiene:

A 
Before patient contact
Before an aseptic technique 
After body fluid exposure 
After patient contact 
After contact with patient surroundings
35
Q

What areas are commonly missed during hand washing

A

Thumbs, finger webs, fingers tips and wrists

36
Q

Where is transient skin flora found

A

On the surfaces of the skin and transfer between the environment

37
Q

Where is resident skin flora found

A

In deep crevices and is not easily removed or transferred to others

38
Q

Why can’t viruses replicate outside of other living cells

A

They don’t have their own machinery for genome replication, transcription or translation

39
Q

What are prions

A

Infectious, abnormally folded proteins that are replicated in the host by producing normal proteins of the same type to adopt an abnormal structure

40
Q

What is a build of abnormal misfolded proteins called

A

An amyloid plaque

41
Q

Are protozoa uni or multi cellular and are they eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

These are unicellular structures that are eukaryotic

42
Q

What examples of diseases do protozoa cause

A

malaria and giardia

43
Q

What are helminths

A

Multicellular worms that can cause infections such as tapeworms and flukes

44
Q

What is the most common parasitic worm infection in the UK

A

Threadworm

45
Q

What are the three major forms of life

A

Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes)

Eukaryotes

46
Q

What are some key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes v eukaryotes 
Naked DNA vs Protein bound 
Circular DNA v linear 
No Nucleus v nucleus 
70S ribosomes vs 80S
Binary fission v mitosis and meiosis 
Single chromosomes v paired
47
Q

What is the difference in the outer layers of a gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram-positive have a cell wall, cell membrane and a cytoplasm
Negative have an extra membrane on the outside consisting of an inner and outer membrane

48
Q

What is on the gram-negative outer membranes that means they frequently cause disease in humans

A

They have lipopolysaccharide and endotoxins attached

49
Q

What allows gram positive bacteria to be more susceptible to lysozymes

A

These enzymes destroy the cell walls of bacteria and gram, positive bacteria greatly rely on their cell walls

50
Q

Which type of bacteria is usually less susceptible to penicillin

A

Gram negative bacteria

51
Q

What is the periplasm and what is its function

A

It is the space between the inner and outer membrane on gram negative bacteria and is the site of many biochemical activities

52
Q

What are endotoxins with regards to gram negative bacteria

A

The lipopolysaccharide complex associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens

53
Q

How can you identify bacteria

A

Visible features through microscopy
Swab samples on bacterial agar and incubation (tonsilitis)
Biochemical testing to see how specific bacteria metabolise

54
Q

What are exotoxins

A

These are secreted by bacteria to act at a site removed from bacterial growth
In some cases only released by lysis of the cell

55
Q

What is attachment of a virus

A

The specific interaction between a protein on the virus surface and the host cell

56
Q

What is entry of a virus

A

When it is taken up into a specific cell

57
Q

What is the assembly stage of the viral life cycle

A

This is when viral proteins come together with viral nucleic acids to form new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells

58
Q

What does negative sense viral RNA need to be converted into first in order to translate proteins

A

Positive sense mRNA

59
Q

What is positive sense mRNA converted into by RNA polymerase and what can this be used for

A

Double stranded viral RNA which can be used to directly translate proteins

60
Q

what enzyme do retroviruses use to integrate their viral DNA into the hosts genome

A

Reverse transcriptase

Year 1 Medicine Newcastle (8 decks)

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