Foundation 3

Question 1

What is the human microbiome

Answer 1

The term used to describe all microorganisms within the human body

Question 2

What are commensal bacteria

Answer 2

Bacteria found colonising in a normal healthy body

Question 3

What are the first bodily systems to be colonised by bacteria

Answer 3

The urinary tract, Gi tract and then other muscousal surfaces

Question 4

What is the role of commensal bacteria

Answer 4

Protecting against and outcompeting pathogenic bacteria
Aiding digestion and vitamin production
Stimulating an immune response

Question 5

What can occur upon the distribution of normal flora to other body parts

Answer 5

This can lead to infections as normally non-pathogenic organisms may become opportunistic

Question 6

What is a pathogenic organism

Answer 6

One that can or has the potential to cause disease

Question 7

What are opportunistic conditions

Answer 7

When a pathogen in normal flora has taken advantage of an opportunistic situation to cause a disease

Question 8

What are the main points of entry for a pathogen

Answer 8

Urogenital tract
Respiratory tract
Conjunctiva
Scratch, injury

Question 9

What are the virulence factors of a bacteria pathogen

Answer 9

The factors that make the bacteria pathogenic

Question 10

What are the key virulence factors (6)

Answer 10

Entry into the host
Ability to adhere onto cells 
Ability to invade host tissues 
Toxin production 
Avoiding the immune system 
The potential for antibiotic resistance

Question 11

What is the role of a viral capsid

Answer 11

It protects the genome and provides more resistance to drying

Question 12

What are the two type of virus cells

Answer 12

Enveloped and naked virions

Question 13

What is the envelope of a virion cell derived from and what is on the surface

Answer 13

The cell it has invaded

Often contain virally derived glycoproteins that allow it to bind and be taken up by cells

Question 14

How many types of viral genomes are there

Answer 14

7

Question 15

What causes disruption of normal flora

Answer 15

Immunocompromised state
Ageing
Prolonged hospitalisation
Antibiotic treatment

Question 16

What is the transient colonisation of bacteria

Answer 16

This is the spreading of bacteria from one person to another through contact or airbone
Disappear over time and don’t intefere

Question 17

What is premanent colonisation of bacteria

Answer 17

Contact with a person that find permanent colonisation on a person

Question 18

What is the staining technique of bacteria

Answer 18

Gram staining

Question 19

What colour are gram negative and positive bacteria

Answer 19

Pink is gram-negative

Purple is gram positive

Question 20

What type of bacteria are the gonnorhea and meningitis pathogen

Answer 20

Gram negative coccus

Question 21

What are examples of some gram positive cocci

Answer 21

The pathogens for food poisoning, wound infection and pneumonia

Question 22

What is an example of a coccobacillus

Answer 22

haemophilius influenzae which causes meningitis and pneumonia

Question 23

What are some example of gram negative rod bacteria

Answer 23

E.coli
Salmonella
Many opportunistic infections

Question 24

What are endospores

Answer 24

These are formed by certain bacteria and are dormant forms of a cell that can survive high temperature, Uv radiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic destruction

Question 25

What is an example of vibrio bacteria

Answer 25

Vibrio cholerae

Question 26

What is an example of a spirochete bacteria

Answer 26

Treponema pallidum that causes syphilis

Question 27

What is an example of a gram -ve spiral

Answer 27

Campylobacter jejuni which causes gastroenteritis

Question 28

What is interprofessional education

Answer 28

This is when students from various professions learn from each other to improve their quality of care

Question 29

What are histopathologists

Answer 29

They specialise in making diagnoses of different types of lung cancer from biopsy results

Question 30

What is the role of specialist nurses

Answer 30

These liase with the patient to give support and advice to them and their family

Question 31

Why is the integration of healht and social care becoming more relevant to society

Answer 31

We have an ageing population so many people are requiring treatment within the community and alongside their social care Social factors such as smoking and alcohol have a clear link to disease

Question 32

How do you care for your hands in order to reduce transmission risk

Answer 32

Bare below the elbows One plain band on finger No false nails, nail polish or gels Effective and consistent hand hygiene

Question 33

When should you wash your hands

Answer 33

After coughing and sneezing After the toilet Before and after eating

Question 34

What are the 5 clinical moments of hand hygiene:

Answer 34

``` Before patient contact Before an aseptic technique After body fluid exposure After patient contact After contact with patient surroundings ```

Question 35

What areas are commonly missed during hand washing

Answer 35

Thumbs, finger webs, fingers tips and wrists

Question 36

Where is transient skin flora found

Answer 36

On the surfaces of the skin and transfer between the environment

Question 37

Where is resident skin flora found

Answer 37

In deep crevices and is not easily removed or transferred to others

Question 38

Why can't viruses replicate outside of other living cells

Answer 38

They don't have their own machinery for genome replication, transcription or translation

Question 39

What are prions

Answer 39

Infectious, abnormally folded proteins that are replicated in the host by producing normal proteins of the same type to adopt an abnormal structure

Question 40

What is a build of abnormal misfolded proteins called

Answer 40

An amyloid plaque

Question 41

Are protozoa uni or multi cellular and are they eukaryotic or prokaryotic

Answer 41

These are unicellular structures that are eukaryotic

Question 42

What examples of diseases do protozoa cause

Answer 42

malaria and giardia

Question 43

What are helminths

Answer 43

Multicellular worms that can cause infections such as tapeworms and flukes

Question 44

What is the most common parasitic worm infection in the UK

Answer 44

Threadworm

Question 45

What are the three major forms of life

Answer 45

Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes) | Eukaryotes

Question 46

What are some key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 46

``` Prokaryotes v eukaryotes Naked DNA vs Protein bound Circular DNA v linear No Nucleus v nucleus 70S ribosomes vs 80S Binary fission v mitosis and meiosis Single chromosomes v paired ```

Question 47

What is the difference in the outer layers of a gram positive and negative bacteria

Answer 47

Gram-positive have a cell wall, cell membrane and a cytoplasm Negative have an extra membrane on the outside consisting of an inner and outer membrane

Question 48

What is on the gram-negative outer membranes that means they frequently cause disease in humans

Answer 48

They have lipopolysaccharide and endotoxins attached

Question 49

What allows gram positive bacteria to be more susceptible to lysozymes

Answer 49

These enzymes destroy the cell walls of bacteria and gram, positive bacteria greatly rely on their cell walls

Question 50

Which type of bacteria is usually less susceptible to penicillin

Answer 50

Gram negative bacteria

Question 51

What is the periplasm and what is its function

Answer 51

It is the space between the inner and outer membrane on gram negative bacteria and is the site of many biochemical activities

Question 52

What are endotoxins with regards to gram negative bacteria

Answer 52

The lipopolysaccharide complex associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens

Question 53

How can you identify bacteria

Answer 53

Visible features through microscopy Swab samples on bacterial agar and incubation (tonsilitis) Biochemical testing to see how specific bacteria metabolise

Question 54

What are exotoxins

Answer 54

These are secreted by bacteria to act at a site removed from bacterial growth In some cases only released by lysis of the cell

Question 55

What is attachment of a virus

Answer 55

The specific interaction between a protein on the virus surface and the host cell

Question 56

What is entry of a virus

Answer 56

When it is taken up into a specific cell

Question 57

What is the assembly stage of the viral life cycle

Answer 57

This is when viral proteins come together with viral nucleic acids to form new viral particles that are then released to infect other cells

Question 58

What does negative sense viral RNA need to be converted into first in order to translate proteins

Answer 58

Positive sense mRNA

Question 59

What is positive sense mRNA converted into by RNA polymerase and what can this be used for

Answer 59

Double stranded viral RNA which can be used to directly translate proteins

Question 60

what enzyme do retroviruses use to integrate their viral DNA into the hosts genome

Answer 60

Reverse transcriptase