Case 2 Flashcards
Pathogenesis
The way a disease develops
Syncope
Fainting or passing out caused by the temporary drop in the amount of blood that flows to the brain
Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin tat acts as a barrier to the outside world
parasympathetic innervation
Slowing of the heart rate by the vagus nerve
Atrophy
Decrease in size and number of cells within a tissue or organ
Ischaemia
Reduction in blood flow to a specific organ or tissue
Hypertrophy
A large increase in cell size to increase tissue or organ size
Hyperplasia
A large increase in cell number to increase the tissue or organ size
Metaplasia
a reversible change in which a differentiated cell type is exchanged for another
Mesenchymal Stem cells
stem cells found in the connective tissue
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues
Hypoxaemia
reduced p.p of oxygen in the blood
What are the requirements of a cell to function properly
Internal Homeostasis Constant Energy Supply Controlled cell division Intact Plasma membrane Safe and effective function of cellular activities Genomic integrity
What restricts a cell from functioning properly
Failure of membrane functional integrity (Damage to ion pumps, bacterial toxins) Membrane damage (free radicals) Blockage of metabolic pathways (interruption of proteins synthesis, respiratory poisons, hormone factor lack) DNA damage or loss (Ionising radiation, chemo, free radicals) Mechanical disruption (Trauma, Osmotic pressure) Energy failure (Oxygen or glucose lack, mitochondrial failure)
What are the consequences of anaerobic respiration in a cell
This results in a build up of acid through metabolic acidosis that denatures proteins
Free Radicals
Chemical radicals characterised by a single unpaired electron in the outer shell and are highly reactive
hat happens in a paracetamol overdose
Paracetamol contains free radicals that are usually removed but in this case damage hepatocytes (cells in the liver) and can cause chemical hepatitis
Necrosis
the pathological cell or tissue death in a living organism resulting in an inflammatory response
Coagulative necrosis
Cell death caused by ischaemia in any organ except the brain
infarction
Obstruction of the blood to an organ or tissue and resulting in localised cell death of that tissue
Liquefactive necrosis
Where necrotic tissue liquefies and hydrolytic enzymes leak from the dead cells
Gangrene
Necrosis when there is visible decay of tissue
Fibrinoid necrosis
When small blood vessels are under extreme pressure that results in necrosis of the muscle wall and seepage of plasma into these wall deposits
Fat necrosis
occurs in the pancreatitis release of lipases or in the breast due to direct trauma to adipose tissues