Formulas

Question 1

SV

Stroke volume

Answer 1

SV= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

SV=EDV-ESV

Question 2

EF

Ejection fraction

Answer 2

EF= SV/EDV

EF=(SV/EDV)100 If decimal

Question 3

CO

Cardiac Output

Answer 3

CO=SV x Heart rate

CO=SV x HR

Question 4

Bernoulli equation

Answer 4

4vsquared

Question 5

Doppler stroke volume

Answer 5

Doppler stoke volume= VTI x CSA

Question 6

mitral regurgitant fraction (RF)

Answer 6

(Mitral SV - AO SV)➗mitral SV ✖️100%

Question 7

AO RF%

Answer 7

(AO SV- Mitral SV)➗AO SV✖️100%

Question 8

LV GLS

Answer 8

-20%

Question 9

TAPSE

Answer 9

= or >1.7 cm

Question 10

AO jet velocity severe

For AS

Answer 10

= or >4.0 m/S

Question 11

AO jet gradient severe

For AS

Answer 11

= or>40

Question 12

AVA severe

For AS

Answer 12

<1.0cm squared

Question 13

Indexed AVA severe

For AS

Answer 13

<0.6

Question 14

AO dimensionless index severe

For AS

Answer 14

<0.25

Question 15

PS peak velocity severe

Answer 15

> 4.0 m/S

Question 16

PS peak gradient severe

Answer 16

> 64mmHg

Question 17

MVA severe

Answer 17

<1 cm squared

Question 18

MS gradient severe

Answer 18

> 10mmHG

Question 19

MS pulmonary artery pressure severe

Answer 19

> 50 mmHg

Question 20

TS mean gradient

Answer 20

= or >5mmHg

Question 21

TS inflow TVI

Answer 21

> 60 cm

Question 22

TS

TVA by continuity equation

Answer 22

=or <1.0 cm squared

Question 23

JH/ LVOT ratio mild

Answer 23

<25%

Question 24

JH/ LVOT ratio severe

Answer 24

> 65%

Question 25

AO P1/2t mild

Answer 25

> 500 m/sec

Question 26

AOP1/2t severe

Answer 26

<200m/sec

Question 27

What does the LAD artery feed?

Answer 27

Anterior wall
Anteroseptal wall
LV apex

Question 28

What does the left circumflex artery feed?

Answer 28

Anterolateral wall

Inferolateral wall

Question 29

What does the right coronary feed?

Answer 29

Inferior wall
Inferoseptal wall
RV apex
RV free wall

Question 30

What is the normal pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 30

18-40 mmHg

Question 31

What is severe pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 31

> 65mmHg

Question 32

What is the formula for MVA

Answer 32

220
MVA=_____
P1/2t

Question 33

Deceleration to p1/2t

Answer 33

Mitral 1/2t= deceleration * 0.29

Question 34

Deceleration to MVA

Answer 34

MVA = 759/ deceleration

Question 35

LVEDP

Answer 35

LVEDP= diastolic BP- EDP

Question 36

Pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure

Used for pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 36

PAEDP=RAP + EDP

Question 37

LAP

Answer 37

LAP= systolic BP - MR gradient

Question 38

Where is the right coronary artery located on the outside of the heart

Answer 38

The right coronary artery arises from the right aortic root sinus, follows the right atrioventricular junction,and descends along the posterior interventricular groove

Question 39

Where is the left anterior descending artery located

Answer 39

LAD follows the anterior interventricular groove

Question 40

Where is the circumflex artery located

Answer 40

The circumflex courses along the atrioventricular junction

Question 41

Name the four phases of diastole

Answer 41

Isovolumic relaxation time (closure of AV to opening of the MV)
Early filling (passive)
Diastasis
Atrial contraction (active)

Question 42

JA/LAA ratio

For MR

Answer 42

=>40%

Question 43

Vena contracts severe

Answer 43

=> 0.7cm

Question 44

EROA severe

Answer 44

0.4cm squared

Question 45

Severe regurgitant volume

Answer 45

=>60ml

Question 46

dp/dt (change in pressure/ change in time)

Answer 46

32/t of MR gradient

Question 47

What is the normal dp/dt

Answer 47

1200mmHG