definitions

Question 1

a narrowing, thickening, fusion, or blockage of a valve that produces an obstruction to blood flow/

Answer 1

Valvular stenosis

Question 2

the result of a valve that does not close properly so a portion of the blood travels backward from the distal chamber, through the valve while it is supposed to be “closed”, into the proximal chamber during the opposite phase of the cardiac cycle

Answer 2

Valvular regurgitation, insufficiency

Question 3

a narrowing, thickening, and or obstruction of the MV that impedes diastolic blood flow traveling from the left atrium, through the MV, into the LV

Answer 3

Mitral stenosis

Question 4

what is the murmur for Mitral stenosis

Answer 4

Low pitched, diastolic “rumble” with an opening snap

Question 5

the result of and incompetent mitral valve(MV) that permits backward systolic flow from the LV, through the MV (while it is supposed to be closed), into the LA

Answer 5

Mitral regurgitation

Question 6

what is the murmur for Mitral regurgitation

Answer 6

a holosystolic murmur that radiats to the axilla (armpit). It may be described as a blowing or high- pitched murmur

Question 7

diagnosed when the anterior mitral valve leaflet (AMVL) and/ or posterior mitral valve leaflet (PMVL), prolapse (slip or sink from their usual position into the left atrium while the MV is closed( during Systole).

Answer 7

Mitral valve Prolapse(MV)

• other names for prolapse
• barlow syndrome
• floppy valve syndrome
• systolic click murmur

Question 8

what is the murmur for MVP

Answer 8

a mid-systolic click with or without a systolic murmur

Question 9

a narrowing , thickening, and or obstruction of the AOV that impedes systolic blood flow traveling from the LV, through the AOV, into the aorta.

Answer 9

aortic stenosis

Question 10

what is the difference between aortic stenosis and aortic sclerosis

Answer 10

STENOSIS-
a thickened AOV that does not open with a peak velocity >2m/sec

SCLEROSIS-
a thickened AOV wht does not open well with a peak velocity < 2m/sed that may or may not become stenotic in the future

Question 11

describe the murmur foe aortic stenosis

Answer 11

a systolic cresendo decresendo murmur best heard at the rt upper sternal border that may radiate up to the carotids

Question 12

the result of an incompetent AOV, that permits backward diastolic flow from the AO, through the AOV, (while it is supposed to be closed), into the LV

Answer 12

Aortic insufficiency (AI)

Question 13

what is the murmur for AI

Answer 13

creates a high pitched, blowing diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border

sever AI creates a low pitched, mid systolic, “rumble” at the apex ( austin flint murmur)

Question 14

Known for its hypertrophic, hyper dynamic, non dilated LV that is frequently not necessarily associated with a LVOT obstruction

Answer 14

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 15

Results from a microscopic disorganization or an abnormal arrangement of the myocardial fibers

Answer 15

HCMO

Question 16

Most common of all CMOs, known for its multichamber enlargement and decreased systolic and diastolic function

Answer 16

Congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy

Question 17

Involves the infiltration of the myocardium that results in a stiff and rigid ventricular walls that impeded diastolic filling

Heart failure typically results

Least common of all CMO disease states

Answer 17

Restrictive (infiltrative) cardiomyopathy

Question 18

What is the difference in restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis

Answer 18

Constrictive pericarditis usually surrounds the entire heart, whereas a restrictive/ infitrative cardiomyopathy primarily affects the ventricles resulting in biatrial enlargement