Formative Assessment Pointers Week 1 Flashcards
Site of the horizontal fissure
RIGHT 4th rib
Level of the carina
Rib 2
Level of the oblique fissure posteriorly
T3
Contains cartilage and surrounded by arch of azygous vein
RIGHT main bronchus
Carries oxygenated blood and sited inferoposteriorly within the lung root
Pulmonary vein
Carries deoxygenated blood and sited superiormedially within the lung root
pulmonary arteries
Product of Type II Alveolar cells that opposes alveolar surface tension
alveolar surfactant
Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae closely opposed and can be overcome by a pneumothorax
Transmural Pressure Gradient
Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae closely opposed. Dependent on water molecule polarity.
Intrapleural Fluid
Is a palpable reference point that can be used in basic emergency care.
Xiphoid Process
The site used in decompressing a tension pneumothorax.
2nd intercostal space
The site of the oblique fissure anteriorly.
Rib 6
Most O2 is transported…
by haemoglobin
Most CO2 is transported…
as bicarbonate
A small proportion of O2 is transported…
in solution
An accessory muscle of respiration in the neck
Sternocleidomastoid
A major inspiratory muscle in a sheet, containing crura.
Diaphragm
Thoracic muscles involved in active expiration.
Internal Intercostals
Where the middle lobe is auscultated
Between right ribs 4 and 6
The site of the lung apex
Superior to the clavicle
Where the lung base is auscultated
T11 vertebra
Fick’s law of diffusion
Gas diffusion across a surface is inversely proportional to surface thickness and proportional to area
Dalton’s law
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas
The law of LaPlace
Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse
The Bohr effect
The oxygen dissocation curve is shifted right due to conditions in the tissues, meaning more oxygen is released
The Haldane effect
As O2 is removed from Hb, Hb’s ability to pick up CO2 and CO2-generated H+ ions is increased
Henry’s Law
The amount of a gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
The volume of air breathed in and out per minute
Pulmonary ventilation
The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute
alveolar ventilation
The inspired air that is available for gas exchange
Alveolar ventilation
Those alveoli who are well ventilated but not adequately perfused
Alveolar dead space
The parts of the bronchial tree not available for airway exchange.
Anatomical dead space
The factor that most increases pulmonary ventilation.
Tidal volume
Is palpable within the jugular notch.
trachea
Is the level at which the lower respiratory tract begins
C6 vertebra
Is an anatomical landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
xiphoid process
The intracellular mechanisms and processes that consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.
Internal respiration
At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas
Boyle’s Law
P=2T/r describes the relationship between alveolar radius and the tendency to collapse. A smaller alveolar radius means a higher tendency to collapse
Law of LaPlace
The processes that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the cells of the body.
External respiration
Comprises ventilation, gas exchange between the alveoli and blood, gas transport, and gas exchange at the tissues
External respiration
Maintains alveolar patency through the elastic recoil of surrounding alveoli preventing alveolar collapse
Alveolar interdependence
A monoclonal antibody against IgE that also reduces IgE receptor expression.
Subcutaneous omalizumab
A short acting B-2 agonist used to relieve bronchospasm in mild to moderate asthma
Inhaled salbutamol
An add-on B-2 agonist used in asthma that responds poorly to initial management
Inhaled salmeterol
A methylxanthine used as add-on therapy in asthma. Serum levels must be monitored due to drug interactions
Oral theophylline
An anti-inflammatory that can trigger bronchospasm in sensitive individuals
Oral ibuprofen
A CysLT-1 receptor antagonist (anti-leukotriene), used as add-on therapy in asthma
Oral montelukast
Carries deoxygenated blood, drains into the superior vena cava and arches round the right lung root.
Azygous vein
Arise from the anterior surface of the descending aorta.
Bronchial arteries
Surrounded by vessels, and may appear black on dissection.
Pulmonary lymph nodes
