Anatomy

Question 1

Upper respiratory tract consists of… (4)

Answer 1

R and L nasal cavities
Oral cavity
naso, oro, laryngopharynx
larynx

Question 2

Lower respiratory tract consists of…(6)

Answer 2

trachea
R and L main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 3

Which parts of the LRT are located in the lungs?

Answer 3

lobar bronchi –> alveoli

Question 4

What happens at the level of C6 vertebrae?

Answer 4

larynx becomes trachea

pharynx becomes oesophagus

Question 5

The trachea can be palpated at the _______ notch of the ________

Answer 5

jugular, manubrium

Question 6

The isthmus of the thyroid gland is anterior to tracheal cartilages _____

Answer 6

2 -4

Question 7

What are the functions of the chest walls? (3)

Answer 7

protect the heart and lungs
make the movements of breathing
breast tissue - lactation

Question 8

Layers of the chest wall (5)

Answer 8

skin
fascia
skeletal muscle
bones/joints
parietal pleura

Question 9

The chest cavity consists of the mediastinum and the R and L pleural cavities - true or false?

Answer 9

true

Question 10

During development the lung bud penetrates the pleural cavity - true or false?

Answer 10

false

the lung bud pushes against but never enters the pleural cavity

Question 11

Where does the lung bud originate from?

Answer 11

the mediastinum

Question 12

Development of the lung bud into the pleural area causes the development of a ______ and _______ pleura

Answer 12

visceral, parietal

Question 13

The parietal pleura is the part which attaches to the….

Answer 13

chest wall

Question 14

The visceral pleura is the part which attaches to the…

Answer 14

lung

Question 15

The pleural fluid does two things, these are?

Answer 15

act as a lubricant

create surface tension

Question 16

What does the pleural surface tension ensure?

Answer 16

the lungs move with the pleural fluid and thus inflate

Question 17

number of bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

Answer 17

10

Question 18

number of lobar bronchi

Answer 18

5

Question 19

Each bronchopulmonary segment has its own nerve and blood supply - true or false?

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Name the lobes and fissures of the lungs

Answer 20

R - superior lobe, inferior lobe, middle lobe
horizontal and oblique fissure
L - superior and inferior lobe
oblique fissure

Question 21

The true ribs are ribs 1-8 - true or false?

Answer 21

false

the true ribs are ribs 1-7

Question 22

How are the true ribs identified?

Answer 22

they attach via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Question 23

The false ribs are ribs 8-10 - true or false

Answer 23

true

Question 24

How are the false ribs identified?

Answer 24

attach via a common cartilaginous bar

Question 25

ribs 11 and 12

Answer 25

floating ribs with no attachment to sternum

Question 26

Parts of the thoracic skeleton (6)

Answer 26

``` 12 pairs ribs intercostal spaces costal margin 12 thoracic vertebrae clavicle and scapula sternum ```

Question 27

Parts of the sternum (4)

Answer 27

manubrium body xiphoid sternal angle

Question 28

what does the costal groove of the rib contain?

Answer 28

artery, nerve and vein

Question 29

Where does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

Answer 29

superior vertebrae body, vertebrae body of same number, transverse process of vertebrae

Question 30

What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae?

Answer 30

the tubercle

Question 31

synovial joint in the resp. area?

Answer 31

sternocostal joint

Question 32

A synovial joint is...

Answer 32

a fibrous joint

Question 33

costovertebral joints are found anteriorly - true or false?

Answer 33

false | they are found posteriorly - rib articulation with vertebrae

Question 34

3 layers of skeletal muscles between ribs and intercostal spaces?

Answer 34

external internal innermost

Question 35

main muscle of breathing

Answer 35

diaphragm

Question 36

13 pairs of intercostal spaces - true or false?

Answer 36

false - 11 pairs

Question 37

Each intercostal space carries a neurovascular bundle between the ______ and _______ muscle layers

Answer 37

internal and innermost

Question 38

the nerve supply comes from the ______ ramus of the spinal nerve

Answer 38

anterior

Question 39

The posterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces come from...

Answer 39

arterial - thoracic aorta | venous - azygous vein

Question 40

The anterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces comes from...

Answer 40

the internal thoracic arteries and veins

Question 41

the thoracic arteries and veins course (vertically/horizontally) either side of the deep surface of the sternum

Answer 41

vertically

Question 42

3 openings in the diaphragm to allow which three things to pass through?

Answer 42

aorta, IVC, oesophagus

Question 43

the diaphragm has a __- shaped tendon

Answer 43

U

Question 44

why is the right dome of the diaphragm generally more superior?

Answer 44

due to the presence of liver in RUQ

Question 45

The diaphragm is an example of ______ muscle

Answer 45

skeletal

Question 46

nerve that controls the diaphragm

Answer 46

phrenic

Question 47

the phrenic nerve originates from...

Answer 47

Cervical vertebra 3,4,5 anterior rami

Question 48

The muscular attachments of the diaphragm are...(3)

Answer 48

the sternum (lower body) the lower six ribs (7-12) L1-3 vertebral bodies

Question 49

the phrenic nerves are found on the anterior surface of _______ _______ in the neck

Answer 49

scalenus muscle

Question 50

the phrenic nerves are found in the chest descending over the ______ aspects of the heart

Answer 50

lateral

Question 51

The phrenic nerves supply somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the ______ and ______ ________

Answer 51

diaphragm and fibrous pericardium

Question 52

The phrenic nerves supply what sort of axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium

Answer 52

somatic sensory and sympathetic

Question 53

Where are somatic motor axons supplied to by phrenic nerves?

Answer 53

diaphragm

Question 54

Nerve supply of the intercostal muscles

Answer 54

intercostal nerves from the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Question 55

Origin of the thoracic artery (internal mammary)

Answer 55

branch off the subclavian artery

Question 56

The thoracic artery supplies the _______ parts of the intercostal spaces, supplying the skin, _____, muscles, _____ and _______ pleura of the intercostal space

Answer 56

anterior, fascia, bone, parietal

Question 57

Clinical application of the thoracic artery

Answer 57

can be mobilised from its attachment, sectioned inferiorly and anastomosed to a coronary artery distal to an occlusion. Coronary artery bypass grafting

Question 58

Origins of the diaphragm

Answer 58

deep surfaces of 1. xiphoid process 2. costal cartilages and lower ribs 3. L1-3 vertebrae

Question 59

Insertion of the diaphragm

Answer 59

central tendon - aponeurosis

Question 60

Openings in the diaphragm

Answer 60

caval opening (IVC) aortic hiatus oesophageal hiatus

Question 61

aortic hiatus

Answer 61

thoracic aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct

Question 62

insertion of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles

Answer 62

aponeurosis to linea albal

Question 63

Origin of external oblique

Answer 63

superficial aspect of ribs iliac crest pubic tubercle

Question 64

Origins of internal oblique

Answer 64

inferior aspect of ribs iliac crest thoracolumbar fascia

Question 65

Origins of transversus abdominus

Answer 65

deep aspect of ribs iliac crest thoracolumbar fascia

Question 66

origins of rectus abdominus

Answer 66

costal cartilage | xiphoid process

Question 67

Insertion of rectus abdominus

Answer 67

pubic bones

Question 68

Nerve supply to abdominal muscles

Answer 68

thoracoabdominal nerves