Formative Flashcards
Fick’s Law
Gas diffusion across a surface is inversely proportional to surface thickness and proportional to area
Dalton’s Law
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas
The Law of LaPlace
Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse
WHAT gives results in increased pulmonary compliance, produces hyperinflated lungs and will show an obstructive defect on spirometry.
Emphysema
WHAT causes shortness of breath on exertion, a restrictive defect on spirometry and reduced pulmonary compliance but no sign of infection.
Pulmonary Fibrosis
WHAT will show a low FVC, a low FEV1 and a low FEV1/FVC% on spirometry
Combined restrictive-obstructive lung disease
WHAT IS WRONG?
A 35 year old woman complains to her GP of being unable to sleep. She coughs at night, which keeps her awake. She sometimes feels short of breath. Both the cough and the dyspnoea are worse when she has visited her parents who have a cat. She smokes 15 cigarettes per day. Her past medical history includes eczema.
Chronic Asthma
WHAT IS WRONG?
A 63 year old man has a long history of cigarette smoking. He says he always feels short of breath. He coughs, producing white sputum, most days. On auscultation, he has a widespread wheeze. He was admitted to hospital with pyrexia, increasing dyspnoea, tachycardia, tachypnoea and is now coughing up green sputum.
Exacerbation of COPD
WHAT IS WRONG?
A 59 year old woman complains of being short of breath when she is active. She is worried as she now struggles to climb the stairs at home. She has a non-productive cough. Her past medical history includes rheumatoid arthritis, for which she takes methotrexate and folic acid.
Interstitial Lung Disease
How is most O2 transported?
Bound to haemoglobin
How is most CO2 is transported?
As bicarbonate
How is a small proportion of O2 is transported
In solution
An 18 year old man is admitted with sudden onset shortness of breath and is complaining of right-sided chest pain. On examination he is tachycardic, tachypnoeic and hypertensive. His right side is hyperresonant when percussed. His PA chest X-ray shows a line parallel to the right chest wall.
a) Left upper lobe collapse
b) Right upper lobe collapse
c) Right lower lobe collapse
d) Left lower lobe collapse
e) Right middle lobe pneumonia
f) Lingular pneumonia
g) Left lower lobe pneumonia
h) Left upper lobe pneumonia
i) Right-sided tension pneumothorax
j) Left-sided tension pneumothorax
Right-sided tension pneumothorax
A 60 year old woman is admitted to hospital by her GP. She has been unwell for the past few days and has not responded to the GP’s initial treatment. On examination she is tachycardic, tachypnoeic, pyrexial and mildly hypertensive. On percussion her right middle zone is dull. Her PA chest X-ray shows loss of the right heart border.
a) Left upper lobe collapse
b) Right upper lobe collapse
c) Right lower lobe collapse
d) Left lower lobe collapse
e) Right middle lobe pneumonia
f) Lingular pneumonia
g) Left lower lobe pneumonia
h) Left upper lobe pneumonia
i) Right-sided tension pneumothorax
j) Left-sided tension pneumothorax
Right middle lobe pneumonia
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On PA chest X-ray his right horizontal fissure is displaced. There is an opacity in his upper right zone.
a) Left upper lobe collapse
b) Right upper lobe collapse
c) Right lower lobe collapse
d) Left lower lobe collapse
e) Right middle lobe pneumonia
f) Lingular pneumonia
g) Left lower lobe pneumonia
h) Left upper lobe pneumonia
i) Right-sided tension pneumothorax
j) Left-sided tension pneumothorax
Right upper lung collapse
