forestry

Question 1

what are plantations in NZ comprised of

Answer 1

Radiata pine 90%

douglas fir - 6%

remainder - 4%

Question 2

what are the wood charactoristics

Answer 2

density

durability

appearance

Question 3

requirements and methods of a plantation

Answer 3

800/1000 seedlings /ha

post plant weed control

pruning and thinning 300/400stems/ha

clearfell at age 28

Question 4

management regimes for :

clear wood

farming

pulp

Answer 4

clear wood:

trees thinned and bottom of stem pruned to produce clear wood

farming:

trees thinned but not pruned

pulp:

yield focus only no thinning or pruning

Question 5

what is the site index

Answer 5

site index is mean height of 100 largest diameter stems/ha

Question 6

what is basal area

Answer 6

diameter growth

total cross-section of a stump cut at breast height

M-2/ha

useful for indicating stocking rate (trees/ha)

basal are = sum of all cross-sections areas of all stumps in a hectare

Question 7

gymnosperms …..

Answer 7

don’t have perfect flowers

seeds not protected by ovaries

but may be protected by cone and arils

often referred to as conifers

softwoods

Question 8

angiosperms

Answer 8

true flowers

seeds protected by ovaries (fruit)

Question 9

gymnosperm repo

Answer 9

wind

lots of pollen from cones

Question 10

angiosperms reproduction

Answer 10

rely on animal pollination

some small flowers are wind pollinated

Question 11

gymnosperm wood

Answer 11

uniform cell structure

tracheids

commonly referred to as soft woods

Question 12

angiosperm wood

Answer 12

a mix of cell types

tracheids

vessels

fibres

hardwood

Question 13

how does seasonality of growth work

Answer 13

most new xylem cells produced in spring:

a large diameter with thin walls - early wood

summer/autumn falling moisture and temp

small diameter cells with thick cell walls - latewood

Question 14

characteristics of late and earlywood

Answer 14

earlywood - large cells thin cell walls: low density and strength

latewood - small cells with thick cell walls: higher density and strenght

Question 15

earlywood : latewood ratio influences…

Answer 15

influences strength and end use of wood in many species

Question 16

why is rapid growth bad

Answer 16

results in higher early wood content and reduced strength in wood

Question 17

attributes of heartwood

Answer 17

cells die and are protected by resins.

helps support, strengthen trunks/branches

most valuable wood in most species

more attractive then sapwood

only heartwood of some species has natural durability

Question 18

attributes of sapwood

Answer 18

found around the perimeter of the trunk - still transporting sap

no natural durability but may be able to be treated in some species

Question 19

reaction wood of softwood and hardwood

Answer 19

softwoods- push against wood - compression

hardwoods - pul against - tension

Question 20

advantages of radiata pine

Answer 20

wide acceptance in timber markets

a great deal is known about the species

it has rapid growth and is relatively easy to establish