forensic psychology Flashcards
canter et al 2004
analysis of 100 US murders each commited by different serial killers. smallest space analysis used, identifies different samples of behaviour. assessed co-occurence of 39 aspects, subset of features matched organised offenders. validity top down
Godwin 2002
difficult to classify killers as organised or disorganised, more of a continuum.
meketa 2017
top-down applied to burglary, 85% rise in solved cases in 3 US states, adds interpersonal (stealing something of significance) and opportunistic (inexperienced young offender). wider application.
canter and larkin 1993
Canter’s circle theory, centre of gravity, marauders and commuters.
Canter and Heritage 1990
analysis 66 sexual assault cases, data examined smallest space analysis, common behaviours, interpersonal language and lack of reaction to victim. case linkage to same offender
investigative psychology
Lundrigan and canter 2001
collated info from 120 murder cases, involving serial killers in the US, smallest space analysis, spatial consistency of behaviours, location created centre of gravity, identified offender.
geographical profiling.
Ainsworth 2001
other factors are just as important in creating a profile, such as the timing og the offence and the age and experience of the offender
geographical information insufficient
Lombroso 1876
criminals were genetic throwbacks, atavistic form.
examined skulls of 380 dead and 3800 living convicts, 40% criminal acts commited by people with atavsitic features.
Goring 1913
comparison 3000 offenders 3000 non offenders, no evidence that offenders are a distinct group with unusual characteristics. challenges atavistic theory.
Christiansen 1977
studied over 3500 twin pairs in Denmark, concordance rates offender behaviour 35% MZ 13% DZ. genetic
Crowe 1972
adopted children whose biological mother had a criminal record had 50% risk of having criminal record by 18, adopted children without criminal bio mother only 5% risk.
Mednick et al 1984
13000 danish adoptees, neither bio or adoptive parents had convictions, adoptees were 13%, rose to 20% when either had convictions, 24.5% when both.
support for genetic inheritance plays important role in offending, environmental influence clearly also important.
Tiihonen et al 2015
two genes, MAOA and CDH13, associated with violent crime.
MAOA regulates serotonin, linked to aggression
CDH13 linked to substance abuse and ADHD, 5-10% all violent crime attributable to genes in Finland .
Keysers 2011
found that only when offenders were asked to empathise did their empathy reaction activate (mirror neurons), APD not without empathy, neural switch.
Raine
dozen brain-imaging studies demonstrating APD have reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, regulates emotional behaviour.
raine et al 2000
11% reduction in volume of grey matter in prefrontal cortex of people with APD.
Kandel and Freed 1989
reviewe evidence of frontal lobe damage (prefrontal cortex) and antisocial behaviour. Impulsive behaviour, emotional instability and inability to learn from their mistakes. FL plannning behaviour. brain damage cause offending in bv
Farrington et al 2006
group of men who scored high on APD, various risk factors in childhood, raised by neglected parent and being physically neglected, caused APD and neural differences.
relationship between APD and offending is complex, other intervening variables.
Eyesenck 1947
proposed behaviour could be represented along 2 dimensions, introversion-extroversion (E) and neuroticism-stability (N). later added third, psychoticism-stability (P).
developed EPQ
Eyesenck and Eyesenck 1977
compared 2070 prisoners’ scores on the EPQ with 2400 controls, prisoners had higher averages on E N P. offenders rte higher on each dimension.
Farrington 1982
conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies, offenders core higher for P but not E or N.
Moffitt 1993
distinction between offending behaviour that occurs in adolescence and that continues into adulthood, personality traits too simplistic predictor, persistance due to reciprocal process between personality and environment.
limits Eysenck
Bartol and Holanchock 1979
studied Hispanic and African-American offenders in maximum security prison in NY, divided into 6 groups, all less extravert than non-off group.
eyesenck culturally relative
Kohlberg 1968
moral reasoning, higher stage more sophisticated reasoning, Heinz dilemma.
pre-conventional morality : avoid punishment and personal gain
conventional morality: approval, maintain social order
post-conventional morality: social contract, conscience
clive and hollin 1998
compared MR in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted offenders, 11 moral dilemma questions, offender group less mature.
supports Kohlberg
Thorton and Reid 1982
ppl who commited crimes for financial gain (robbery) more likely pre-con MR than impulsive crimes (assault). pre-con, good chance of evading punishment.
theory doesnt apply to all crimes, depends on type of offence.
Schonenberg and Justye 2014
55 violent offenders w images of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. when compared to non-off control group, violent more likely to percieve images as angry and hostile.
evidence HAB
dodge and frame 1982
showed children video clip of “ambiguous provocation”, agressive children interpreted situation as more hostile than non-aggressive.
HAB support
Bandura 1973
euphemistic label, downplays serious offence, “supporting my family”.
Barbaree 1991
among 26 rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all, 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.
minimalisation.
Howitt and Sheldon 2007
gathered questionnaire responses from sexual offender, non-contact sex offenders used more cognitive ditortions than contact sex offenders. previous history of offending more likely. limits cognitive distortions, not used in same way in all offenders.
Sutherland
differential association theory, ppl learn offending through interaction and association with different people.
learning attitudes and techniques
Blackburn 1993
inadequate superego, not controlled leading to offending.
weak, deviant, over-harsh.
Bowlby 1944
maternal deprivation, affectionless psychopathy, 44 thieves study.
Goreta 1991
Freudian-style analysis of 10 offenders, disturbances in superego formation diagnosed, each experienced uncoscious guilt and need for self-punishment. over-harsh superego
rs
kochanska
parents who rely on harsher forms of discipline tend to raise chilren who are rebellios and rarely express feelings of guilt or self-criticis.
limitation for super ego
Lewis 1954
analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people, MD poor predictor of future offending, ability to form close relationships.
limitation of bowlby.
Yuhenko 2019
recidivism rates in Uk one year of release 45% recently.
Norway 20%, rehabilitation
Bartol 1995
for many offenders imprisonment can be “brutal, demeaning and generally devastating.”
Prison Reform Trust 2014
25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis, oppressive prison regimes detrimental to psychological health.
importation model
Shirley 2019
offenders who take part in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend following release.
support custodial sentencing.
Hobbs and Holt 1976
introduced token economy programme with groups of young offenders acress 3 behavioural units, significant difference in +ve behaviour compared to non-token economy group.
supports behaviour modification
field et al 2004
found token economy programme with young people generally effective, still some who did not respond.
Basset and Blanchard 1977
any benefits of token economy lost if staff applied techniques inconsistently, inappropriate staff training and high turnover. behaviour modification must ensure full and consistent staff participation.
Novaco 1975
cognitive factors trigger emotional arousal, precedes aggressive acts, some people anger quick to surface.
keen et al 2000
studied progress made with young offenders 17-21, anger managment programme, 8 2hour sessions over month period. initial issues, inal outcomes generally positive, awareness of difficulties, capacity to self-control.
Blackburn 1993
anger managment doesnt reduce recidivism in long term, application based on role-play.
howells 2005
investigation with Australian offenders, anger managment programme little overall impact co pared to control group.
some progress with those who showed intense anger before programs and those treatment ready
only benefits those who fit a certain profile.
Loza and Loza Fanous 1999
no difference in levels on anger between violent and non-violent offenders, misguided programmes, provide justifications for behaviour.
Shaplnand 2008
reported results of major 7 year research project, 85% survivors reported satisfaction with face-to-face meeting with offender. 78% recomend to others, only 2% said it made feel worse.
restorative justice
Suzuki 2016
restorative processes not as survivor-focused as reported, distorted process, become used.
strang 2013
compared offenders who experiences f-t-f restorative justice w custodial sentensing , RS less likely to offend
