biopsychology Flashcards
Broca
Broca’s area, causes brocas aphasia, slow laborous speech.
Wernicke
Wernicke’s area, wernickes aphasia, produce nonsense words, neologisms.
Phineas Gage
brain damage due to pole through left frontal lobe. mark on personality, quick tempered and rude
frontal lobe may be responsible for regulating mood
dougherty et al 2002
44 ppts w OCD undergone a cingulotomy (isolating region cingulate gyrus implicated in OCD).
follow-up 32 weeks, 30% successful response, 14% partial response.
behavioues associated with serious mental disorders may be localised.
Petersen 1988
evidence from brain scans, used to demonstrate Wernicke’s area active durig listening task, Broca’s area active reading task, objective.
Lashley 1950
removed areas of the cortex in rats that were learning a route through a maze. process of learning seemed to require every part of cortex rather than being confined, not localised, distributed.
Dick and Tremblay 2016
only 2% modern researchers think that language in the brain is completely controlled by Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. distribued more holistically.
limits localisation of function.
Fink et al 1996
PET scans to identify active brain areas during visual processing task. when ppts asked to look at global elements of an image (big picture), right hem active, fine detail left hem active.
support for hemispheric lat
Nielsen 2013
analyzed brain scans 1000, aged 7-29 years, ppl used certain hems for certain tasks but no evidence of dominant side for different tasks. limits hem lat
Sperry 1968
split brain research, 11 ppts w SB studied, image to LVF (RH) or only RVF (LH).
RVF- could describe what is seen
LVF- nothing there, could select matching object using left hand.
functions lateralised in brain.
Luck et al
SB ppts perform better than normal brains. Faster at identifying odd one out in array of similar objects, hems are distinct.
Maguire 2000
research into plasticitym studied brains of London taxi drivers, more volume of grey matter in posterior hippocampus than in control group, dev of navigational skills. learning experience alters structure of taxi drivers brains, +ve correlation job length+ structure difference.
Medina 2007
brains adaptation to prolongued drug use leads to poorer cog functioning and increased risk of dementia.
-ve concequences.
Bezzola 2012
40 hours of golf training produced changes in the neural representations of movement in ppts 40-60.
fMRI, observed increased motor cortex activity.
neural plasticity can continue through life span.
Schneider et al 2014
the more time ppl with brain injury spent in education (cognitive reserve) the greater their changes of a disibilty free recovery.
16+ 40% DFR
12- 10% DFR.
education influences recovery rates
Siffre 1962
cave study, spent spent several extended periods underground, effects of biological rhythms. free-running biological rhythm around 25 hours.
Aschoff and Wever 1976
ppts spent 4 weeks in WW2 bunker deprived of natural light all circadiam rhythm 24/25 hours, one 29 hrs.
natural s/w cycle longer than 24hrs, entrained by ex zeit.
Boivin et al 1996
Night workers engaged in shift work experienced period of rduced concentration aroung 6am, accidents more likely.
Knutsson 2003
shift workers 3x more likely to develop heart disease than people who work more typical work patterns.
Solomon 1993
high divorce rates im shift workers due to strain of deprived sleep, missing out on family events.
not biiological factors that create -ve effects with shift work.
Duffy et al 2001
some ppl have a natural preference for going to bed early (larks) whereas others prefer the opposite (owls).
Stern and McClintock (1998)
29 women w irregular periods. samples of pheromones gathered from 9 of the women and rubbed on upper lip of 20 women.
68% of women experienced changes to their cycle, closer to the og donor.
Sanassi 2014
effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder, light therapy , light box stimulates strong light to reset body’s internal clock
helped 80%.
Tucker et al 2007
large differences between ppts in terms of the duration of each sleep stage, esp 3 and 4, biologically determined.
difficult to describe normal sleep in any meaningful way.
DeCoursey et al 2000
destroyed SCN connections in the brains of 30 chipmunks, then returned to natural habitats, observed for 80 days.
s/w cycle disappeared, most killed by predators.
end pac support
Ralph 1990
bred ‘mutant’ hamsters with a 20hr s/w cycle. SCN cells from foetal tissue of mutant hamsters, transplanted into normal brains.
cycles of second group deflated to 20 hours
end pac support
Damiola et al 2000
demonstrated how changing feeding patterns in mice could alter the circadian rhythms of cells in the liver 12hrs, leavinf rest of SCN unaffected.
other complex influences on s/w cycle.
Campbell and Murphy 1998
light may be defected by skin recpetor sites on the body even when info not recieved by eyes.
15 ppts woken at various times, light pad shone on back of their knees.
deviation produced in ppts usual s/w cycles up to 3 hrs
Miles et al 1977
young man blind from birth had abnorml circadian rhythm of 24.9 hrs.
despite exposure to social cues (regular mealtimes), s/w cycle couldnt be adjusted .
social cues not effective in resseting biological rhythm.
