Foreign Policy Flashcards
Who were Henry VII’s children ?
Arthur (1486) Margaret (1489) Henry (1491) Mary (1496) Edmund-Died in childhood
What were the problems with succession ?
- Arthur died in 1502
- Dynasty now depended on Henry VII living long enough until his son Henry was old enough to rule
- Fears of people like the Duke of Buckingham (descendant of Edward III) attempting to seize the throne
- Henry VII died in 1509
What were the Aims of Henry’s Foreign Policy ?
- Ensure national security
- Recognition of the Tudor dynasty abroad
- Defence of English trading interests
- Maintain good relations
What were Henry’s Foreign Policy aims dictated on ?
- Lack of money
- Circumstances surrounding his succession
- Maintaining credibility as a king by building positive relationships
Who were the main superpowers at this time ?
- France
- Burgandy + HRE
- Spain
What caused the Breton Crisis ?
- Charles VIII, King of France
- Invaded Brittany
- 1487
- French were to gain full control of Brittany
Why did Henry summon parliament in 1489 regarding the Breton Crisis ?
- Parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue
- To raise an army against the French
Why did Henry help Brittany ?
- Was exiled there in his youth, felt obliged to help
- Feared direct control of Brittany would increase potential French threat to England
- French helping Warbeck
What was the Treaty of Redon ?
- Between England and Brittany
- 1489
- England agreed to support Breton independence
- England would send 6000 men to defend Brittany from French threat (paid by duchess Anne)
Who did Henry make an alliance with during the Breton Crisis ?
- Maximillain (HRE)
- Contracted to marry Anne
Why did Maximilian lose interest in the Breton Crisis ?
- English army went to Brittany
- Anne decided to marry Charles VIII
- Maximillian lost interest
- Henry stranded
Why did Henry launch an invasion on France late in the season in 1492 ?
- Knew Charles VII was interested in an invasion on Italy
- So would end conflict early
- French sought a peace settlement
What was the Treaty of Etaples 1492 ?
- Between England and France
- Charles VIII agreed to withdraw support for pretenders
- France pay regular pension of 745 golden crowns
- French pay cost of Henry’s military intervention
How was the Breton Crisis a success for Henry ?
- Able to defend national and dynastic interests
- Improved financial position
- Showed strength out of a weak position
What were the Italian wars ?
- France invaded Italy in 1494
- Henry didnt want to enter war
- Spain and HRE urged Henry to join against France
- This was dangerous and costly
- Henry joined Holy League after pressure but refuses to declare war on France to maintain good trade links
What was England’s problem with Scotland ?
- James IV offers hostility to Perkin Warbeck
- He receives pensions
- Is marries to a rich Scottish heiress- Lady Catherine Gordon
What was the Treaty of Ayton 1497 ?
- Truce with James IV after Cornish Rebellion
- Both leaders saw destruction of rebellion
- Did not want this to be repeated
What year was Warbeck executed ?
-1499
What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502 ?
- Between Henry and James IV
- Agreed to end warfare between Scotland and England
- Marriage between James IV and Henry’s daughter Margaret was agreed
How were Henry’s relations with Scotland a success ?
- Improvement in relations lasted until the end of Henry’s reign
- Successful in ensuring the security of his dynasty
- Ensured national security
What was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo ?
- With Spain
- Neither side would help each others rebels
- Would help defend each other if attacked
- Customs duties would be reduced
- Marriage alliance with Catherine and Arthur
What were the problems with the Catherine and Arthur Marriage alliance ?
- Fernidad reluctant over marriage, whilst Warbeck threatened Henry’s dynastic stability
- Argued over size of Catherine’s Dowry
When did Arthur die ?
- 1502
- Fernidad reluctant to agree to Catherine and Henry’s marriage
- Wanted better terms
What was the impact of Isabella’s death in 1504 ?
- Made Fernidad a less important figure
- Struggle over power in Castile
- Henry lost enthusiasm for Henry and Catherine’s marriage
Who did Henry support in the Castile succession struggle ?
- Juana (catherine’s sister)
- Juana and her husband Philip of Burgandy were shipwrecked
- Take refuge in England
- Secured stronger relationship with Juana and Philip
What was the Treaty of Windsor 1506 ?
- Duke of Suffolk (edmund de la pole) handed over to Henry
- Henry recognised Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile
- Secured relations between two countries
What was the impact of Philip of Burgandy’s death ?
- Gave Fernidad the opportunity to rule over Castile again
- Left Henry diplomatically isolated
- Fernindad ensured Henry and Catherines marriage wouldn’t happen
What did Henry do in response to Burgandy helping Warbeck ?
-Henry BANS trade with Burgandy
What were the problems with the trade embargo on Burgandy ?
- Ban conflicted with Henry’s foreign policy aims
- Prioritized the dynasty over trade
When did relations between Burgandy and England improve ?
-Relations improved when Warbeck left Burgandy
What was the Intercurcus Magnus 1496 ?
- Lifted the trade ban with Burgundy
- Restored normal trading links
What was the Intercurcus Malus 1506 ?
- Trade Agreement
- Never became fully operative
What were the results of Henry’s relations with Burgundy ?
- Improved Englands trading positon
- Secured the Tudor dynasty
Who was Earl of Kildare ?
- Lord deputy of Ireland
- Had Yorkist sympathies
- Supported Simnel and Warbeck
Who did Henry replace Kildare with in 1491 ?
- Sir Edward Poynings
- Initially successful in establishing royal authority
What was Poynings Law 1485 ?
- Laws could be passed without Henry VII’s approval
- Henry didnt like this
Why did Henry recall Poynings ?
- Financial problems
- Too expensive for Henry’s liking
- Warbeck returned with army, made things worse
Who did Henry restore as deputy of Ireland ?
-Kildare was restored as deputy of Ireland
Why was Henry no longer suspicious of Kildare ?
- Kildare decided to serve Henry loyally
- No benefit in supporting Yorkists
- Kildare used his office to rebuild his family fortunes (Henry could gain finances)- was eager to support him
