Foreign Policy 1540-47 Flashcards
Why did the threat posed by Scotland increase in 1538?
James V marriage Mary of Guise, a noblewoman from France.
What happened at the Battle of Solway Moss in November 1542?
Scotland was defeated by the Duke of Norfolk’s troops, with 1000 captured. Subsequent to the defeat, James V died, leaving his heir as his week-old daughter, Mary. The invasion of Scotland was motivated by territorial gains in France. It was essential to ensure the security of the Anglo-Scottish border. Henry failed to capitalise on the victory: a full-scale invasion would have vanquished Scotland, yet Henry sought military glory in France, and pursued diplomatic measures to retain control of Scotland.
What was the Treaty of Greenwich?
In 1543, this proposed a marriage between Edward and Mary, and the children were formally betrothed. Though this gained the backing of the Earl of Arran, the Scottish Regent, Sir Ralph Sadler, an ambassador in Edinburgh, reported suspicion concerning the intention of this marriage. Scotland refused to honour Henry’s request that Mary be raised in England and Arran deserted the cause. The Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the Treaty.
What was the ‘Rough Wooing’?
Following the Scottish refusal to sign the Treaty of Greenwich, the Earl of Hertford raided Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews in 1544-45. The Scottish were killed, and further alienated. Henry had neglected the opportunity to secure Scotland by military force in 1542, and had failed to heed Sadler’s warnings regarding Scottish hostility to the Treaty. Ordering Hertford into Scotland lacked strategy and further antagonised the nation.
Why did Henry form an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor in 1542?
To facilitate his invasion of France, vowing to invade within two years. Henry committed to march on Paris, though acknowledged this was likely to prove unsuccessful. He failed to coordinate his attack with Charles V, confining himself to the vicinity of Calais, besieging Montreuil unsuccessfully, but capturing Boulonge. However, Francis I and Charles V made separate peace at Crepy.
When did France try to invade England, and why did this fail?
In 1545, Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a potential invasion of England This failed due to unfavourable winds and a lack of a base to operate from. England were defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor, and the French landed in the Isle of White. However, France failed to recapture Boulogne.
When was peace agreed between England and France?
In the Treaty of Ardres in 1546.
