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Neuro > Forebrain > Flashcards

Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral boundary of diencephalon

A

Anterior commissure and lamina terminalis (wall of 3rd ventricle)

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2
Q

Caudal boundary of diencephalon

A

Posterior commissure (divides diencephalon from midbrain)

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3
Q

Dorsal boundary of diencephalon

A

Roof of diencephalon

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4
Q

Ventral boundary of diencephalon

A

Base of hypothalamus

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of diencephalon

A

Internal capsule (divides it from lenticular nuclei)

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6
Q

Medial limits of diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

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7
Q

Portions of thalamic nuclei

A

Anterior, medial,lateral

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8
Q

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus has connections with :

A

Hippocampal formation, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies

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9
Q

Anterior nucleus of thalamus function

A

Memory function and regulation of emotional behavior

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10
Q

What nucleus lies posterior to anterior nucleus

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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11
Q

What separates dorsomedial nucleus from lateral thalamus

A

Internal medullary lamina

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12
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus function

A

Mediates affective processes and emotional behavior

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13
Q

Nuclei inside of lateral thalamus

A

VA, VL, LD, VPL, VPM, LP

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14
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and Ventral lateral nucleus function

A

Control of motor functions

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15
Q

Ventral basal complex

A

VPL VPM

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16
Q

Function of VPL, VPM

A

Relay somatosensory info from body and head to POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

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17
Q

Lateral posterior nucleus (LP) function

A

sensory input and cognitive functions associated with them

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18
Q

Nuclei in posterior thalamus

A

Pulvinar nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus

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19
Q

Pulvinar nucleus functions

A

Cognitive function involving auditory and visual stimuli

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20
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus function

A

Important relay for auditory system

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21
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus function

A

Relay of visual impulses to visual cortex from BOTH retinas

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22
Q

Non specific thalamic nuclei function

A

Modulate activity of the major nuclei of the thalamus

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23
Q

Non specific thalamic nuclei

A

Midline thalamic nuclei, reticular nucleus, intralaminal nuclei (centromedian nucleus)

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24
Q

Forms the roof of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus

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25
Q

Epithalamus structures

A

Habenular complex, Stria medullaris, pineal gland

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26
Q

Habenular complex nuclei

A

Medial and lateral nucleus

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27
Q

Commissure that connects medial and lateral habenular nucleus

A

Habenular commissure

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28
Q

Pathway arising from medial habenular nucleus

A

Habenular peduncular tract

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29
Q

Habenular peduncular tract (fasciculus retroflexus)

A

Projects to ventral part of midline tegmentum (intrapeduncular nucleus) FUNCTION UNKNOWN

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30
Q

Pathway arising from lateral habenular nucleus

A

Stria medullaris

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31
Q

Stria medullaris contains

A

Habenular AFFERENT fibers

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32
Q

What passes through Stria medullaris

A

Afferent and Efferent fibers linking habenular nuclei with lateral hypothalamus, preoptic region, sustancia innominata ( region lateral to preoptic region), septal area, anterior thalamic nucleus

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33
Q

Habenular complex function

A
  • Relay where limbic system and hypothalamus can influence activity of midbrain structures (reticular formation, brain stem neurotransmitter functions )
  • pain processing
  • stress
  • learning
  • reward processing
  • depression * (deep stimulation of afferent fibers of Stria med. used to treat disorder )
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34
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Attached to roof of posterior 3rd ventricle

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35
Q

Where does Pineal gland receive info from

A

Sympathetic nervous system via superior cervical ganglia

36
Q

Pineal gland circadian rhythm to light

A

Releases hormones, due to indirect pathway that relays info DIRECTLY from retina to Suprachiasmatic nucleus then INDIRECTLY to intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic cord. Then light cycle info is relayed to Superior cervical ganglia that has direct connection with pineal gland

37
Q

Cells found in pineal gland

A

Secretory cells called pinealocytes that secrete: melatonin, serotonin, norepinephrine, hypothalamic releasing hormone (ThyrotropinRH, somatostatin, LHRH)

38
Q

Subthalamus location

A

Posterior 3rd of diencephalon

39
Q

Subthalamic function

A

Motor functions related to basal ganglia

40
Q

Subthalamus nuclei

A

Subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta

41
Q

Subthalamic nucleus function

A

Connects with globus pallidus and regulates motor function by basal ganglia

42
Q

Zona incerta role

A

Function unknown, separates lenticular fasciculus from thalamic fasciculus

43
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic events, endocrine functions of pituitary gland, sexual behavior, feeding and drinking behavior, affective processes (fight or flight)

44
Q

Lateral hypothalamus contains

A

Medial forebrain bundle and associated with behavior and predation

45
Q

Medial hypothalamus contains

A

Most of releasing hormones that control pituitary gland, feeding, affective processes, autonomic functions

46
Q

Important nuclei of Anterior hypothalamus and preoptic region

A

Preoptic nuclei, suprachasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular nuclei

47
Q

Medial Preoptic region function

A

Regulation of endocrine function and temp regulation

48
Q

Lateral preoptic region functions

A

Unknown

49
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus function

A

Receives retinal input, associated with diurnal rhythms for hormone release

50
Q

Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic function

A

Synthesize vasopressin and oxytocin

51
Q

Mid level of hypothalamus contains

A

Arcuate nucleus , ventromedial nucleus, tuberal nuclei

52
Q

Arcuate nucleus function

A

Dopaminergic neurons , source of prolactin release-inhibiting hormone and feeding behavior

53
Q

Ventromedial nucleus function

A

Endocrine control, rage behavior

54
Q

Lesions of ventromedial nucleus

A

Obesity

55
Q

Tuberal nuclei function

A

Release regulatory hormones (releasing or release-inhibiting hormones) transmitted through portal system to ant pituitary gland and control release of hormones from this region

56
Q

Posterior hypothalamus structures

A

Mammilothalamic tract

57
Q

Componentes of basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, substancia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

58
Q

Neostriatum

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

59
Q

Major site of input into the basal ganglia from cerebral cortex, thalamus and sustancia nigra

A

Neostriatum

60
Q

Globus pallidus function

A

Primary region for outflow of info from the basal ganglia to cerebral cortex via thalamic nuclei

61
Q

Ansa lenticularis (Fiber pathway of Basal ganglia)

A

Emerges from medial segment of globus pallidus and passes ventromedially and caudal to midbrain

62
Q

Lenticular fasciculus

A

Passes in a dorsomedial direction from pallidum around dorsal surface of subthalamic nucleus

63
Q

Dentatothalamic fibers

A

Where both ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus appear to merge rostral to red nucleus + fibers of cerebellum
Collectively called THALAMIC FASCICULUS

64
Q

H1 field of forel

A

Thalamic fasciculus

65
Q

H2 field of Forel

A

Lenticular fasciculus

66
Q

Limbic system structures

A

Hippocamapl formation, septal area, amygdala, and adjoining regions of cortex

67
Q

Limbic system function

A

Associated with olfactory function

68
Q

Additional structures associated with limbic system

A

Frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus

69
Q

Major outflow pathway of hippocampal formation

A

Fornix

70
Q

Component of Fornix that is distributed to diencephalon

A

Postcommissural fornix

71
Q

Component of fornix that is distributed to septal area

A

Precomissural fornix

72
Q

Hippocampal formation + septal area regulate

A

Emotional behavior, motivational processes, hormonal and autonomic regulation, and memory functions

73
Q

Septal area alone modulates

A

Aggression, rage, endocrine and reproductive functions

74
Q

Bed nucleus of Stria terminalis

A

Believed to regulate autonomic, endocrine, and effective processes normally associated with amygdala

75
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Head of caudate nucleus; receives large dopaminergic projection from brainstem, amygdala, and parts of hippocampal formation and projects them to sustancia innominata, sustancia nigra, and ventral tegmental area.
Sequences of motor processes associated with affective processes

76
Q

Sustancia innominata

A

Relay of signals from parts of amygdala to lateral hypothalamus

77
Q

Pathway of Amygdala

A

Stria terminalis

78
Q

Internal capsule fibers

A

Descending fibers from cerebral cortex to brain stem and spinal cord plus ascending fibers from thalamus to cerebral cortex

79
Q

Internal capsule function

A

Sensorimotor functions

80
Q

Anterior commissure fibers

A

Olfactory fibers from anterior olfactory nucleus to contralateral olfactory bulb

81
Q

Thalamus injury

A

Thalamic pain syndrome- very painful and unpleasant sensation that persists

82
Q

Damage to hypothalamic nuclei

A

Disorders of eating, endocrine function, temp regulation, aggression and rage, sympathetic disfunction,

Diabetes insipidus is an example ( damage to vasssopresin neurons in supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei)

83
Q

Diseases of basal ganglia

A 
Movement disorders (abnormal, involuntary movement at rest “Dyskinesia”) 
Example Parkinson’s disease ( loss of dopamine release from sustancia nigra)
Chorea (hyperkinetic disorder loss of y-aminobutyric acid in stratium, heminallism (damage to subthalamic nucleus)
84
Q

Disruptions in limbic system

A

Changes in emotional behavior, irritability, impulsivity, rage.
Hippocampal formation- loss of short term memory
Prefrontal cortex- decreased cognitive ability
Temporal lobe- seizures

85
Q

Dysfunctions of Cerebral cortex

A

1- upper motor neuron paralysis (precentral and premotor cortices)
2- types of aphasias
3- apraxias
4- loss of somatosensory and auditory discrimination post central and superior temporal gyrus

Neuro (5 decks)

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