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Neuro > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does autonomic nervous system regulate

A

Involuntary functions (blood pressure, heart rate, resp., body temp., glandular secretion, digestion, reproduction

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2
Q

3 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous system

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3
Q

Location of sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Intermediallateral cell column (IML) of T1-L2 segments of spinal cord

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4
Q

Spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons ( rostral to caudal)

A

Most rostral: innervate eyes
More caudal: heart and lungs
Most caudal: G.I tract, bladder, genitals

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5
Q

Location of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

Paraventricular ganglia located on each side of sympathetic chain of vertebral column

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6
Q

Myelination of axons in ANS

A

Preganglionic axons are myelinated

Postganglionic axons are NOT myelinated

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7
Q

Axons route of preganglionic neurons

A

Exit spinal cord through ventral roots travel through corresponding spinal nerve and enter sympathetic chain via white rami. Some synapse with post.gang. Neurons in PARAvertebral ganglia others pass through paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and synapse at PREvertebral ganglia

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8
Q

Axon route of postganglionic neurons

A

Some that are in PARAvertebral ganglia exit sympathetic chain via visceral branches and innervate different organs

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion

A

Exit sympathetic chain and innervate head and neck

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10
Q

Post sympathetic fibers of middle and inferior cervical ganglia

A

Innervate organs in chest cavity (heart, lungs, bronchi)

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11
Q

Postganglionic fibers that exit through gray rami

A

Re-enter corresponding spinal nerve, course within or along spinal nerve, innervate blood vessels, sweat glands, erectile muscles of hair follicles

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12
Q

What levels are grey rami present at

A

All levels of sympathetic chain

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13
Q

What levels are white rami present at

A

Only In thoracic lumbar region (T1-L2)

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14
Q

Which sympathetic postganglionic Neurons are located in PREvertebral ganglia

A

The ones that innervate abdominal viscera

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15
Q

Where is prevertebral ganglia located

A

Anterior to sympathetic chain on the abdominal aorta and closer to organs they innervate

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16
Q

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in IML segments T5-T9 course

A

Exit through ventral roots, travel short distance in spinal nerve, enter sympathetic chain via white rami, exit chain without synapsing, and form GREATER SPLANCHNIC NERVE

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17
Q

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in IML segments T10-T12 course

A

Similar course and form lesser and least splanchnic nerve

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18
Q

Where do Axons of greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerve synapse

A

On postganglionic neurons located in the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia but MAJORITY of lesser and least synapse in superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

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19
Q

What do postganglionic fibers emerging from celiac ganglion innervate

A

Smooth muscle, glands in stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney

20
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers in greater, lesser, and least that pass through celiac ganglion

A

Don’t synapse there but synapse on cells in adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

21
Q

Postganglionic neurons located in mesenteric ganglion innervate

A

distal portions of small and large intestine including ascending and transverse colons

22
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers from L1-L2 spinal segment route

A

Pass through sympathetic chain without synapsing travel in the lumbar splenic nerves, synapse on postganglionic neurons in INFERIOR mesenteric ganglion

23
Q

Postganglionic fibers from inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate

A

Pass through hypogastric (pelvic plexus) and innervate transverse and distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and male and female sex organs

24
Q

Preganglionic L1-L2 fibers that pass PARAvertebral ganglia synapse with postganglionic fibers that innervate

A

Urinary bladder, male and female sex organs

25
Q

Preganglionic fibers from L1-L2 that descend in sympathetic chain and synapse on postganglionic neurons in PARAvertebral ganglia

A

Re-enter spinal nerves via grey rami and innervate blood vessels, sweat glands, and erectile muscles of some hair follicles in lower limb and lower trunk

26
Q

Functions of sympathetic nervous system

A

Activated in stressful situations:
- increased blood flow in skeletal muscle
- increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar level
- pupillary dilation
Involved in fight or flight response

27
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons location

A

Brainstem, midbrain, and sacral region of spinal cord (S2-S4)

28
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

Contains brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
Oculomotor nerve (CN III),
located in midbrain
Innervates: constrictor muscles of iris and circumferential muscles of ciliary body

29
Q

Superior salivatory nucleus of facial nerve (CN. VII)

A

Brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
Located: Lower pons
Innervates: lacrimal, sublingual, submandibular glands

30
Q

Inferior salivatory nucleus of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN. IX)

A

Brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
Located: caudal to superior salivatory nucleus in upper medulla
Innervates: parotid salivary gland

31
Q

Nucleus ambiguus

A

Location: caudal aspect of ventral medulla
Innervation:
compact region: muscles of larynx and pharynx
Region surrounding compact region: heart and mediate decrease in heart rate

32
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (CN X)

A

Location: caudal aspect of dorsal medulla
Innervate: lungs, pancreas, portions of GIT and control secretion of glands in these organs
Actions activate peristalsis in aforementioned portions of GIT
Cardiac inhibitory action but less then nucleus ambiguus

33
Q

Spinal parasympathetic preganglionic neuron route

A

Exit through ventral root, travel through pelvic splanchnic nerves, synapse on postganglionic neurons close to or within organs being innervated (meaning they are shorter than sympathetic postganglionic fibers)

34
Q

Functions of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conservation and restoration of body energy
- decrease heart rate
Effects are localized and last a short time

35
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Neurons in the wall of the gut that regulate GI motility and secretion
Has two layers: myeteric (Auerbach’s) and Submucosal (meissner’s) plexuses

36
Q

What do neurons of myenteric plexus control

A

Motility

37
Q

What do neurons of submucosal plexus control

A

Water and ion movement across intestinal epithelium

38
Q

Type of neurons in enteric plexuses

A

Excitatory and inhibitory neurons

39
Q

neurotransmitter at parasympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals, intrinsic excitatory inter neurons, and nerves innervating the muscle

A

Ach

40
Q

Neurotransmitter at postganglionic sympathetic nerves

A

Norepinephrine

41
Q

Other substances in enteric nervous system

A

Serotonin: excitatory interneurons
ATP: enteric inhibitory nerves supplying external layers of smooth muscle of GIT
VIP: enteric inhibitory nerves and enteric vasodilator nerves
Somatostatin: interneurons of descending pathway in myenteric plexus
Enkephalins: inhibitor of Ach release

42
Q

Sympathetic innervation of enteric system derives from

A

Branches of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral sympathetic chains

Most of extrinsic innervation are postganglionic

43
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of enteric system derives from

A

Vagus and pelvic nerves

Most of the extrinsic innervation are preganglionic

44
Q

Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurotransmission

A

Response to autonomic nervous system that are not mediated by Ach or norepinephrine.
Ex: ATP, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, NO, variety of peptides

45
Q

The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have antagonist effects EXCEPT in

A

Salivary glands (both produce increase salivation)

46
Q

Levator palpebrae superior muscle

A

Action: raises upper eyelid
Innervated by: caudal-central nucleus of oculomotor nucleus complex
Superior tarsal muscle (portion of this muscle): innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers arising from superior cervical ganglion
Interruption of tarsal muscle: pseudoptosis (partial drooping of upper eyelid)

47
Q

Orbital muscle of Muller

A

Action: maintains eyeball in forward position in the orbit
Innervated by: sympathetic postganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
Interruption: enopthalmos (sinking of the eyeball in the orbit)

Neuro (5 decks)

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