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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does autonomic nervous system regulate

A

Involuntary functions (blood pressure, heart rate, resp., body temp., glandular secretion, digestion, reproduction

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2
Q

3 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous system

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3
Q

Location of sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Intermediallateral cell column (IML) of T1-L2 segments of spinal cord

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4
Q

Spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons ( rostral to caudal)

A

Most rostral: innervate eyes
More caudal: heart and lungs
Most caudal: G.I tract, bladder, genitals

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5
Q

Location of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

Paraventricular ganglia located on each side of sympathetic chain of vertebral column

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6
Q

Myelination of axons in ANS

A

Preganglionic axons are myelinated

Postganglionic axons are NOT myelinated

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7
Q

Axons route of preganglionic neurons

A

Exit spinal cord through ventral roots travel through corresponding spinal nerve and enter sympathetic chain via white rami. Some synapse with post.gang. Neurons in PARAvertebral ganglia others pass through paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and synapse at PREvertebral ganglia

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8
Q

Axon route of postganglionic neurons

A

Some that are in PARAvertebral ganglia exit sympathetic chain via visceral branches and innervate different organs

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion

A

Exit sympathetic chain and innervate head and neck

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10
Q

Post sympathetic fibers of middle and inferior cervical ganglia

A

Innervate organs in chest cavity (heart, lungs, bronchi)

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11
Q

Postganglionic fibers that exit through gray rami

A

Re-enter corresponding spinal nerve, course within or along spinal nerve, innervate blood vessels, sweat glands, erectile muscles of hair follicles

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12
Q

What levels are grey rami present at

A

All levels of sympathetic chain

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13
Q

What levels are white rami present at

A

Only In thoracic lumbar region (T1-L2)

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14
Q

Which sympathetic postganglionic Neurons are located in PREvertebral ganglia

A

The ones that innervate abdominal viscera

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15
Q

Where is prevertebral ganglia located

A

Anterior to sympathetic chain on the abdominal aorta and closer to organs they innervate

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16
Q

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in IML segments T5-T9 course

A

Exit through ventral roots, travel short distance in spinal nerve, enter sympathetic chain via white rami, exit chain without synapsing, and form GREATER SPLANCHNIC NERVE

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17
Q

Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in IML segments T10-T12 course

A

Similar course and form lesser and least splanchnic nerve

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18
Q

Where do Axons of greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerve synapse

A

On postganglionic neurons located in the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia but MAJORITY of lesser and least synapse in superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

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19
Q

What do postganglionic fibers emerging from celiac ganglion innervate

A

Smooth muscle, glands in stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney

20
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers in greater, lesser, and least that pass through celiac ganglion

A

Don’t synapse there but synapse on cells in adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

21
Q

Postganglionic neurons located in mesenteric ganglion innervate

A

distal portions of small and large intestine including ascending and transverse colons

22
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers from L1-L2 spinal segment route

A

Pass through sympathetic chain without synapsing travel in the lumbar splenic nerves, synapse on postganglionic neurons in INFERIOR mesenteric ganglion

23
Q

Postganglionic fibers from inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate

A

Pass through hypogastric (pelvic plexus) and innervate transverse and distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and male and female sex organs

24
Q

Preganglionic L1-L2 fibers that pass PARAvertebral ganglia synapse with postganglionic fibers that innervate

A

Urinary bladder, male and female sex organs

25
Preganglionic fibers from L1-L2 that descend in sympathetic chain and synapse on postganglionic neurons in PARAvertebral ganglia
Re-enter spinal nerves via grey rami and innervate blood vessels, sweat glands, and erectile muscles of some hair follicles in lower limb and lower trunk
26
Functions of sympathetic nervous system
Activated in stressful situations: - increased blood flow in skeletal muscle - increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar level - pupillary dilation Involved in fight or flight response
27
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons location
Brainstem, midbrain, and sacral region of spinal cord (S2-S4)
28
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Contains brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons Oculomotor nerve (CN III), located in midbrain Innervates: constrictor muscles of iris and circumferential muscles of ciliary body
29
Superior salivatory nucleus of facial nerve (CN. VII)
Brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons Located: Lower pons Innervates: lacrimal, sublingual, submandibular glands
30
Inferior salivatory nucleus of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN. IX)
Brainstem parasympathetic preganglionic neurons Located: caudal to superior salivatory nucleus in upper medulla Innervates: parotid salivary gland
31
Nucleus ambiguus
Location: caudal aspect of ventral medulla Innervation: compact region: muscles of larynx and pharynx Region surrounding compact region: heart and mediate decrease in heart rate
32
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (CN X)
Location: caudal aspect of dorsal medulla Innervate: lungs, pancreas, portions of GIT and control secretion of glands in these organs Actions activate peristalsis in aforementioned portions of GIT Cardiac inhibitory action but less then nucleus ambiguus
33
Spinal parasympathetic preganglionic neuron route
Exit through ventral root, travel through pelvic splanchnic nerves, synapse on postganglionic neurons close to or within organs being innervated (meaning they are shorter than sympathetic postganglionic fibers)
34
Functions of parasympathetic nervous system
Conservation and restoration of body energy - decrease heart rate Effects are localized and last a short time
35
Enteric nervous system
Neurons in the wall of the gut that regulate GI motility and secretion Has two layers: myeteric (Auerbach’s) and Submucosal (meissner’s) plexuses
36
What do neurons of myenteric plexus control
Motility
37
What do neurons of submucosal plexus control
Water and ion movement across intestinal epithelium
38
Type of neurons in enteric plexuses
Excitatory and inhibitory neurons
39
neurotransmitter at parasympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals, intrinsic excitatory inter neurons, and nerves innervating the muscle
Ach
40
Neurotransmitter at postganglionic sympathetic nerves
Norepinephrine
41
Other substances in enteric nervous system
Serotonin: excitatory interneurons ATP: enteric inhibitory nerves supplying external layers of smooth muscle of GIT VIP: enteric inhibitory nerves and enteric vasodilator nerves Somatostatin: interneurons of descending pathway in myenteric plexus Enkephalins: inhibitor of Ach release
42
Sympathetic innervation of enteric system derives from
Branches of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral sympathetic chains Most of extrinsic innervation are postganglionic
43
Parasympathetic innervation of enteric system derives from
Vagus and pelvic nerves | Most of the extrinsic innervation are preganglionic
44
Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurotransmission
Response to autonomic nervous system that are not mediated by Ach or norepinephrine. Ex: ATP, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, NO, variety of peptides
45
The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have antagonist effects EXCEPT in
Salivary glands (both produce increase salivation)
46
Levator palpebrae superior muscle
Action: raises upper eyelid Innervated by: caudal-central nucleus of oculomotor nucleus complex Superior tarsal muscle (portion of this muscle): innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers arising from superior cervical ganglion Interruption of tarsal muscle: pseudoptosis (partial drooping of upper eyelid)
47
Orbital muscle of Muller
Action: maintains eyeball in forward position in the orbit Innervated by: sympathetic postganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion Interruption: enopthalmos (sinking of the eyeball in the orbit)

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