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Geography > Forces Witch Shape The Earth and rivers > Flashcards

Forces Witch Shape The Earth and rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are internal forces

A

Building processes within the crust that create new material

Like volcanoes or earthquake

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2
Q

What are external forces

A

Active forces on the earths surface , which mound the material into specific feautures . Weathering erosion deposition

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3
Q

What is the deinftion of weathering

A

Process whereby large, solid lumps of rock are broken down slowly into smaller smaller pieces through exposure to atmosphere

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4
Q

What is the definition of erosion

A

Process whereby weathered material is broken down and transported by the agents of erosion,wind,water, ice

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5
Q

What is the definition of depostition

A

The laying down of transported material in another place

Raises the level of land, but weathering and erosion lower level of land

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6
Q

Where is mechanical weathering found

A

Dry regions, Arad/ semi -Arad, soil formation is slow

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7
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Process whereby rock is broken down without any change in its chemical composition

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8
Q

What can mechanical weathering by broken up into

A

Alternate heating and cooling and freeze thaw process

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9
Q

What is alternate heating and cooling known as

A

Thermal fracturing

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10
Q

Explain alternate heating and cooling

A

During the day , rocks heat and expand , at night rocks cool and contract

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11
Q

What happens eventually after several alternate heating and cooling processes on mechanical weathering

A

The rocks break up, grain by grain =Granular disentigration

Thin layers of rock peel off and exfoliate

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12
Q

What is freeeze thaw process also known as

A

Frost shattering process

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13
Q

What happens in freeze thaw process

A

When water freezes it expands, widening joints and cracks in the rocks

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14
Q

What does the repeated process of freeze thaw eventually cause

A

Jagged pieces of rock to break off , these bits broken off are very sharp and are called screen

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15
Q

Where is chemical weathering found

A

Warm, moist regions , equatorial

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16
Q

What is the definition of chemical weathering

A

The process in which rock is broken down when it goes through a change in its chemical composition

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis , carbonation and oxidation

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18
Q

What is hydrolosis

A

When water and the minerals in rock combine, causing it to break down

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19
Q

What is carbonation

A

When water combines with carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid. The acid dissolves the rocks . Limestone dissolves very easily . This is how caves form

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20
Q

What is oxidation

A

Oxygen, water and minerals (iron) in the rocks combine to break the rock down, often rock will turn red as the iron in its broken down .

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21
Q

What happens to chilatimg compounds in chemical weathering

A

They are released

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22
Q

What are the two forces that cause the earths surface to continually reshaping

A

Internal/endogenic and external/exogenic

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23
Q

What is biological weathering

A

The process in which rock is broken down either mechanically or chemically by the action of plants or animals

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24
Q

What do animals do in biological weathering

A

Animals like ants, moles and earthworms dig and burrow , breaking up the rocks and soil

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25
Q

What do plants do in biological weathering (mechanical)

A

Plant roots grow into cracks in rocks, as they grow bigger , the split the rock

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26
Q

What do plants do in biological weathering (chemical)

A

Plants secrete acids which break down the rocks

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27
Q

What is physical weathering

A

Human activity can expose rocks and soil, making them more vulnerable to weathering . Like mine rocks and tunnels weaken rocks, causing it to collapse

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28
Q

How can building roads cause physical weathering

A

By moving tons of soil and rock exposing them to the atmosphere , causing weathering

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29
Q

How does instruction involve moving of rocks

A

Dynamite is used to blast rock, breaking it apart

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30
Q

How do humans do chemical weathering

A

Humans burn fossil fuels which release gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitros dioxide into the air . Which form acid rain causing chemical weathering

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31
Q

How can water become acidic causing chemical weathering

A

Chemicals from industry enter the water making it acidic

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32
Q

What are the two things that make up erosion

A

Abrasion and deflation

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33
Q

What is abrasion

A

Sand particles picked up by the wind and hurled against the rock . This has a sandpapering effect on the rock

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34
Q

What makes yardangs

A

Abrasion

35
Q

How are yardangs formed

A

Alternate bands of soft and hard rock lie parallel to one another . The wind abrades the softer rock to form long depressions called troughs. Harder rock remains behind to for narrow ridges

36
Q

What else does sand abrasion do to rocks

A

When a rock is made of hard and soft rock , the wind will erode softer layers first, creating weird shapes. It has a distinct narrow base as the heavier particles hit the bottom of the rock, eroding it faster

37
Q

What is deflation

A

The process whereby the level of land is eroded / lowered

38
Q

How is a blowout formed

A

Wind blows away loose sand , forming a depression called a deflation , hollow or blowout
If the depression reaches the water table, an oasis is formed

39
Q

How is a desert pavement formed

A

Small particles are more easily picked up, and carried by the wind .
The longer gravel and stones are left to form a desert pavement

40
Q

Where is wind most powerful

A

Wind is most powerful in arid , very dry desert regions

41
Q

What does arid mean

A

Very dry, little to no rainfall for long periods of time

42
Q

Why is wind most Effective in arid regions

A
  • Sand is loose and easily picked up (surface sand)
  • There are few things (trees) blocking the path of wind, creating speed
  • Very little vegetation to protect and bind soil together
43
Q

Name 5 deserts

A

Namib, kalahari, Sahara, Gobi, Arabian

44
Q

What is a desert

A

An area of land which low rainfall, where evaporation exceeds precipitation

45
Q

How much land on earth do deserts cover

A

33-35%

46
Q

What are the 3 main types of deserts

A

Erg, reg, Hamada

47
Q

What is an erg desert

A

A sandy desert, with An undulating plain of sand produced by wind deposition

48
Q

What is reg desert

A

Stony desert with surface covet e boulders, and angular pebbles and gravels

49
Q

What is Hamada desert

A

Rocky desert with bare rock surface is formed by deflation which removes all the loose rock particles

50
Q

How many desserts on map

A

12

51
Q

How many desserts in Asia kind of

A

5

52
Q

What are the agents of wind

A 
Aqua -water 
Cave man - underground water
Hang ten - waves 
Airy - wind 
The ice queen - glaciers
53
Q

What is suspension

A

Fine particles are carried through the air

54
Q

What is saltation

A

Medium particles skip or bounce

55
Q

What is creep

A

Large particles slide or roll

56
Q

What forms the river system

A

A main river and the tributeries

57
Q

Where is a river system found

A

Within a drainage basin

58
Q

Where does a river obtain all of its water

A

The drainage basin

59
Q

What seperated one drainage system from another

A

Watershed

60
Q

What is the area where a river begins called

A

It’s source

61
Q

What is the area where a river ends called

A

The mouth

62
Q

What is a high lying area between 2 tributeries called

A

A spur

63
Q

What is the area in which a river flows called

A

A valley

64
Q

What is the point called in which 2 rivers join

A

Confluence

65
Q

What does erosion involve in rivers

A

The wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bank and bed
The breaking down of the rock particles being carried downstream by the river

66
Q

What is hydrolic action

A

The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. Pressure weakens cracks and gradually wears it away

67
Q

What is abrasion

A

Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river beds and banks

68
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles

69
Q

Solution

A

Soluble particles dissolved in the river

70
Q

What is the material that a river carries known as

A

It’s load

71
Q

What are the four different transport processes

A

Solution, suspension, saltation, traction

72
Q

What do rivers need to transport material , and how do these change

A

Rivers need energy to transport material, levels of energy change as the river moves from the source to the mouth

73
Q

What can a river do when energy levels are high

A

When a rivers energy levels are high , large rocks and boulders can be transported

74
Q

Where are a rivers energy levels higher

A

Near the rivers source , when its course is steep and it’s valley narrow

75
Q

What happens when energy levels are low in a river

A

Only small particles can be transported

76
Q

When are energy levels lowers

A

When the speed of the water drops as a river enters a lake or the sea

77
Q

What will a river do when it looses energy

A

It will drop some of the material it’s carrying

78
Q

When would a river deposit material

A

After a flood
When it gets to the mouth, it stops
When it enters a lake or sea

79
Q

What is deposited material in rivers called

A

Alluvium

80
Q

When is deposition common in a river

A

At the end of a rivers journey , at the mouth

81
Q

What is the soloution in transport of rivers

A

Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution

82
Q

What is the suspension in transport of rivers

A

Fine light material is carried along in the water

83
Q

What is the saltation in transport of rivers

A

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

84
Q

What is the traction in transport of rivers

A

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Geography (5 decks)

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