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Forces Witch Shape The Earth and rivers Flashcards

1
Q

What are internal forces

A

Building processes within the crust that create new material

Like volcanoes or earthquake

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2
Q

What are external forces

A

Active forces on the earths surface , which mound the material into specific feautures . Weathering erosion deposition

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3
Q

What is the deinftion of weathering

A

Process whereby large, solid lumps of rock are broken down slowly into smaller smaller pieces through exposure to atmosphere

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4
Q

What is the definition of erosion

A

Process whereby weathered material is broken down and transported by the agents of erosion,wind,water, ice

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5
Q

What is the definition of depostition

A

The laying down of transported material in another place

Raises the level of land, but weathering and erosion lower level of land

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6
Q

Where is mechanical weathering found

A

Dry regions, Arad/ semi -Arad, soil formation is slow

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7
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Process whereby rock is broken down without any change in its chemical composition

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8
Q

What can mechanical weathering by broken up into

A

Alternate heating and cooling and freeze thaw process

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9
Q

What is alternate heating and cooling known as

A

Thermal fracturing

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10
Q

Explain alternate heating and cooling

A

During the day , rocks heat and expand , at night rocks cool and contract

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11
Q

What happens eventually after several alternate heating and cooling processes on mechanical weathering

A

The rocks break up, grain by grain =Granular disentigration

Thin layers of rock peel off and exfoliate

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12
Q

What is freeeze thaw process also known as

A

Frost shattering process

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13
Q

What happens in freeze thaw process

A

When water freezes it expands, widening joints and cracks in the rocks

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14
Q

What does the repeated process of freeze thaw eventually cause

A

Jagged pieces of rock to break off , these bits broken off are very sharp and are called screen

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15
Q

Where is chemical weathering found

A

Warm, moist regions , equatorial

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16
Q

What is the definition of chemical weathering

A

The process in which rock is broken down when it goes through a change in its chemical composition

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis , carbonation and oxidation

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18
Q

What is hydrolosis

A

When water and the minerals in rock combine, causing it to break down

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19
Q

What is carbonation

A

When water combines with carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid. The acid dissolves the rocks . Limestone dissolves very easily . This is how caves form

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20
Q

What is oxidation

A

Oxygen, water and minerals (iron) in the rocks combine to break the rock down, often rock will turn red as the iron in its broken down .

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21
Q

What happens to chilatimg compounds in chemical weathering

A

They are released

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22
Q

What are the two forces that cause the earths surface to continually reshaping

A

Internal/endogenic and external/exogenic

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23
Q

What is biological weathering

A

The process in which rock is broken down either mechanically or chemically by the action of plants or animals

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24
Q

What do animals do in biological weathering

A

Animals like ants, moles and earthworms dig and burrow , breaking up the rocks and soil

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25
What do plants do in biological weathering (mechanical)
Plant roots grow into cracks in rocks, as they grow bigger , the split the rock
26
What do plants do in biological weathering (chemical)
Plants secrete acids which break down the rocks
27
What is physical weathering
Human activity can expose rocks and soil, making them more vulnerable to weathering . Like mine rocks and tunnels weaken rocks, causing it to collapse
28
How can building roads cause physical weathering
By moving tons of soil and rock exposing them to the atmosphere , causing weathering
29
How does instruction involve moving of rocks
Dynamite is used to blast rock, breaking it apart
30
How do humans do chemical weathering
Humans burn fossil fuels which release gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitros dioxide into the air . Which form acid rain causing chemical weathering
31
How can water become acidic causing chemical weathering
Chemicals from industry enter the water making it acidic
32
What are the two things that make up erosion
Abrasion and deflation
33
What is abrasion
Sand particles picked up by the wind and hurled against the rock . This has a sandpapering effect on the rock
34
What makes yardangs
Abrasion
35
How are yardangs formed
Alternate bands of soft and hard rock lie parallel to one another . The wind abrades the softer rock to form long depressions called troughs. Harder rock remains behind to for narrow ridges
36
What else does sand abrasion do to rocks
When a rock is made of hard and soft rock , the wind will erode softer layers first, creating weird shapes. It has a distinct narrow base as the heavier particles hit the bottom of the rock, eroding it faster
37
What is deflation
The process whereby the level of land is eroded / lowered
38
How is a blowout formed
Wind blows away loose sand , forming a depression called a deflation , hollow or blowout If the depression reaches the water table, an oasis is formed
39
How is a desert pavement formed
Small particles are more easily picked up, and carried by the wind . The longer gravel and stones are left to form a desert pavement
40
Where is wind most powerful
Wind is most powerful in arid , very dry desert regions
41
What does arid mean
Very dry, little to no rainfall for long periods of time
42
Why is wind most Effective in arid regions
- Sand is loose and easily picked up (surface sand) - There are few things (trees) blocking the path of wind, creating speed - Very little vegetation to protect and bind soil together
43
Name 5 deserts
Namib, kalahari, Sahara, Gobi, Arabian
44
What is a desert
An area of land which low rainfall, where evaporation exceeds precipitation
45
How much land on earth do deserts cover
33-35%
46
What are the 3 main types of deserts
Erg, reg, Hamada
47
What is an erg desert
A sandy desert, with An undulating plain of sand produced by wind deposition
48
What is reg desert
Stony desert with surface covet e boulders, and angular pebbles and gravels
49
What is Hamada desert
Rocky desert with bare rock surface is formed by deflation which removes all the loose rock particles
50
How many desserts on map
12
51
How many desserts in Asia kind of
5
52
What are the agents of wind
``` Aqua -water Cave man - underground water Hang ten - waves Airy - wind The ice queen - glaciers ```
53
What is suspension
Fine particles are carried through the air
54
What is saltation
Medium particles skip or bounce
55
What is creep
Large particles slide or roll
56
What forms the river system
A main river and the tributeries
57
Where is a river system found
Within a drainage basin
58
Where does a river obtain all of its water
The drainage basin
59
What seperated one drainage system from another
Watershed
60
What is the area where a river begins called
It's source
61
What is the area where a river ends called
The mouth
62
What is a high lying area between 2 tributeries called
A spur
63
What is the area in which a river flows called
A valley
64
What is the point called in which 2 rivers join
Confluence
65
What does erosion involve in rivers
The wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bank and bed The breaking down of the rock particles being carried downstream by the river
66
What is hydrolic action
The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. Pressure weakens cracks and gradually wears it away
67
What is abrasion
Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river beds and banks
68
Attrition
Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles
69
Solution
Soluble particles dissolved in the river
70
What is the material that a river carries known as
It's load
71
What are the four different transport processes
Solution, suspension, saltation, traction
72
What do rivers need to transport material , and how do these change
Rivers need energy to transport material, levels of energy change as the river moves from the source to the mouth
73
What can a river do when energy levels are high
When a rivers energy levels are high , large rocks and boulders can be transported
74
Where are a rivers energy levels higher
Near the rivers source , when its course is steep and it's valley narrow
75
What happens when energy levels are low in a river
Only small particles can be transported
76
When are energy levels lowers
When the speed of the water drops as a river enters a lake or the sea
77
What will a river do when it looses energy
It will drop some of the material it's carrying
78
When would a river deposit material
After a flood When it gets to the mouth, it stops When it enters a lake or sea
79
What is deposited material in rivers called
Alluvium
80
When is deposition common in a river
At the end of a rivers journey , at the mouth
81
What is the soloution in transport of rivers
Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution
82
What is the suspension in transport of rivers
Fine light material is carried along in the water
83
What is the saltation in transport of rivers
Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed
84
What is the traction in transport of rivers
Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Geography (5 decks)

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