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Physics Paper 2 > Forces > Flashcards

Forces Flashcards

1
Q

what are scalar quantities

A

have magnitude ( size) only

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2
Q

example of scalar quantities

A

mass, speed, energy, distance, time, tempt

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3
Q

what is vector quantities

A

have magnitude and direction

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4
Q

exmaples of vector quantities

A

displacement, weight, velocity, force, acceleration, momenutum

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5
Q

how to represent vector quantiity by arrow

A
  • length of arrow - magnitude
  • direction of arrow - direcetion
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6
Q

what is a force

A

push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object

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7
Q

what are 2 types of forces and meaning

A

contact force = objects are physically touching
non-contact force= objects are physically seperated

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8
Q

examples of contact force

A

tension - in a rope of tug of war game, tension on rope pulling the person
friction - force always opposes the motion, areoplane land in sea, frcition act betwen plane and water to cause the plan slow down and stop.
air resistance - force act opposite direction when object move through air - sky diver from air, air particles collide with parachute causing act upwards cos of air reistance force.
-upthrust

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9
Q

exmaples of non-contact force

A

-gravitational force - attracts all objects to another object - grav force attract international space station to earth and opposite way
- electrostatic force - force between 2 charged object attract, object opposite charge experience electrostatic force of attraction.
-magnetic force - force experince by certain object in magentic field

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10
Q

what is weight and unit

A

the force acting on object due to gravity, newton W

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11
Q

what to use for measuring weight

A

newtonmeter

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12
Q

what is gravity

A

force of attraction on all objects

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13
Q

what is gravitational fiedl strength

A

measure of the force of gravity

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14
Q

weight of object is…

A

directly proportional to mass of object

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15
Q

what does weight of object depend on

A

the gravitional field strgth at point where object is

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16
Q

what is centre of mass

A

weight of object act on single point

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17
Q

what is resultant force

A

single force that has same effect as all forces acting together

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18
Q

how to calculate resultant forces

A

larger force-smaller

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19
Q

convert newton-metres to joule

A

1newton metres=1 joule

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20
Q

when is work done on object by force

A

when a force causes object to move through a distance

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21
Q

what is elastically deformed

A

object can return orginial shape when force cause it to change shape are removed

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22
Q

why do you need to apply more than 1 force

A

the force is unbalance so the object will move than change length/shape

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23
Q

elastic materials examples

A

slinky, rubber band and glove, eraser

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24
Q

what happens when squeeze force

A

material compresses

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25
Q

what is inelastically deformed + why

A

object cant return orginally, because limit of proportionally been exceeded

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26
Q

what does limit of proportionally mean

A

point where extension of object is direct proportional to force.

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27
Q

what is the moment of force

A

the turning effect of a force

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28
Q

examples of turning effect of force

A

see-saw, a crane, hammer use to remove a nail

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29
Q

example of turning effect force in rotation

A

spanner use to loosen a nut(screw), the turn effect of force from end of spanner is centre around the pivot(centre of nut)

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30
Q

what is a pivot

A

centre of object

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31
Q

how should you calculate the moment

A

distance must be in perpendicular from line of action to pivot (90 degree)

32
Q

exmaple of balance moment of pivot

A

see-saw person both ends, seesaw balance about the pivot in cnetre. each person apply moment due to weight.

33
Q

what is lever

A

rigid bar set on pivot, sued to transfer force to load. force multipers

34
Q

exmaple of lever use

A

hammer use to removve nail, crowbar use to lift a plank of wood

35
Q

what is gear

A

transmit tun effect of force, lots of machine and cars

36
Q

what can lever and gear system do

A

can both be used to transmit the rotatioanl effect of force

37
Q

what is fluid

A

either liquid or gas

38
Q

what happens when particles move around in fluid

A

collide object surface/container

39
Q

what is atmosphere

A

thin layer of air around the earth

40
Q

when does atmospher get dense

A

less dense with increase altiude

41
Q

what is altitude

A

vertical height of object

42
Q

how to create atmospheric pressure

A

air molecules colliding with surface

43
Q

what happens when number of air molecules above a surface

A

decreases as height of surface above ground level increase

44
Q

what is distance

A

how far an object moves

45
Q

what is displacement

A

the measure of distance that object moves in straight line from start point to end, and direction of straight line

46
Q

what does the speed which person can walk, run etc depend on

A

age, fitness, distance travel, terrain

47
Q

speed of
walk, run, cycle, car, train, areoplane, sound air

A

1.5m/s, 3, 6, 13, 50, 250,330

48
Q

what is acceleration

A

of an object tells us the change in its velocity over a given time

49
Q

what does the gradient tells us about acceleration

A

horizontal line - constant
upward slope- accelertaing
downward slope- decelerating

50
Q

what is a velocity

A

speed of an object in directio

51
Q

what is newton 1t law

A

resultant force acting on object is zero then,
object stationary = remain staitionary (not moving over time)
object moving= continue to move at same speed and direction, same velocity

52
Q

in newton1st law, when do velocity change

A

velocity of object only change i resulatn force acting on object

53
Q

exmaple of newton law 1

A

statinoary object(book on table, person standing), no force acts on bceause no resulatnt force. Object 50N left and right, fore is balance means resualtn forceis zero, and velocity same.

54
Q

what is newton 2nd law and sign

A

acceleration of object is proportional to the resultant force acting on object and inversely proportional to mass of object

55
Q

what happens to resultant force act on object onnewton 22ndlaw

A

if greater force = greater acceleration

56
Q

what happens to inversely proportional to mass of object newton2newton2law

A

is mass large = accerlation smaller

57
Q

what is newton 3rd law

A

whenever 2object interact, the force they exert on each other are equal and opposite.

58
Q

what is equilibrum
and equilibrum situation

A

condition system of state motion, speed, time change
all force act on object is balanced.

59
Q

example of newton 3rd law

A

book kept on table, man in canoe, paddle push on water same time the water push back on paddle = equal magnitude and oppoisye direcetion

60
Q

what is thinking distance

A

distanc vehicle travels during the driver’s reaction time

61
Q

what is braking distance

A

distance travels under braking force

62
Q

what reaction time

A

time tkaen for driver to spot obstruction and make decison

63
Q

how to calculate stop dist

A

think dist + brake = stop

64
Q

what affects drivers reaction time

A

-tiredness
-drugs alchol
-distraction phone

65
Q

typical value of reaction time

A

0.2-0.9m/s

66
Q

what can affect brake distance of vehicle and why

A

weather conditions - wet/icy road
poor condition of vehicle - worns tyres+brakes
these reduce friction of tyre and road, and increase brake dist

67
Q

the greater the speed of a vehcile…

A

the greater braking force

68
Q

the greater braking force…

A

greater the deceleration of vehicle

69
Q

what can large deceleration lead to

A

brakes overheat and loss of control

70
Q

what is conservation of momentum

A

in closed system, total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event.

71
Q

when does change in momentum occur

A

when force act on object that is moving/able to move

72
Q

why is rapid changes of momentum danger

A

lead huge forces away

73
Q

how to reduce momentum danger

A

airbag, seatbelt, crashmat, bike helmet - safety device to slow down and reduce force act

74
Q

terminal velocity steps and after parachute opens

A
  1. when jump out of plane, force of gravity on weight pull them down toward earth.
  2. resultant force same size and direction cos only weight force happened
  3. Person start to fall, air resistance occurs in upward force, it will be opposite direction of weight and resultant force. Air resistance comes cos person collides between air particles causing the person to slow down.
  4. so resultant forc3e low and aie resistance
  5. Faster goes the velocity increase and air resistance cos collide with particles more. Resultant force decreases
  6. Velocity soon get high and particles collide increase will then air resistance and weight same size so 0 resultant force reaching terminal velcoity.
  7. OPEN PARACHUTE , surface area of parachute increase so does air resistance, so resultant force act upward and decelerate downwards - causes to slwo down
  8. further slows down, air resistance lower and resultant force smaller . The air resistance and weight same size and equals. this is resultant force 0 and reaches terminal velocity.
75
Q

Gears example with gears in car - turn effect

A

Gear A - connect engine
Gear B - connect wheels.
The gear B transmite 2x larger Gear A and turning effect will be 2x bigger.
So engine turn effect has been doubled pass to the wheels

76
Q

spring constant high=
spring constant low=

A

stiffer, harder to stretch
less stiffer and firm , easier to strech

Physics Paper 2 (5 decks)

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