for exam - RACHEL Flashcards
what does Skinner say about emotions?
they do not have any useful function
disrupt activity
lack logic
what does Leverson say about emotions?
they have a clear purpose
organise behaviour
allow us to adjust to environment
what are 4 primary emotions?
joy, surprise, sadness, anger
when are primary emotions detectable?
birth - 1 year
what are secondary emotions and when are they detectable?
complex self/social emotions, emerge 1.5-3 years when children realise they exist
what are 5 secondary emotions?
embarrassment, empathy, pride, guilt, shame
what is social referencing?
the idea that children use their parents as a guide to how they should feel through monitoring their parents’ reactions
what is an experiment evidencing social referencing
babies crawling on box with mum at the other end, when mother shows looks of uncertainty, babies would not crawl over
what is emotion regulation?
processes learned throughout the lifetime involving inititiating, maintaining and altering emotional responses
what happens to emotions in childhood?
children develop more emotional competence - can deal with positive and negative emotions
start to learn rules for emotions (culture helps)
what are 4 characteristics of emotion coaching?
- being aware of low intensity emotions
- accepting and empathising
- helping to understand and express
- helping to deal with the situation
what are 3 characteristics of emotion dismissing?
- ignoring, denying or punishing negative emotions
- trying to convert them to a positive emotion as quickly as possible
- not dealing with the emotion
what happens to emotions in adolescence?
more negative life events = poor regulation = mood swings
choosing to savour negative emotions
what happens to emotions in old age?
more positive = greater wellbeing
smaller social circle
what are 4 emotional regulation strategies?
- emotional supression
- rumination
- distraction
- cognitive reappraisal
what is rumination?
thinking about how bad you’re feeling over and over again
what is cognitive reappraisal?
reframing something bad that has happened positively
what is the positivity effect?
paying attention when something good happens
what is the idea of attachment theory?
attachment helps to regulate emotional distress and achieves security by seeking proximity
when do attachment styles arise?
‘sensitive period’ - first 3 years of life
what are 3 characteristics of secure attachment?
- attachment figure is a source of comfort
- infant welcomes close contact, seeks proximity
- caregiver is responsive and sensitive
what are 2 characteristics of resistant attachment?
- infant has separation anxiety but is ambivalent when they return
- attachment figure inconsistent - moody/unresponsive
what are 2 characteristics of avoidant attachment?
- little separation anxiety + avoiding/ignoring on return
2. caregiver provides over or under stimulation
what are 2 characteristics of disorganised attachment?
- confusion whether to approach or avoid attachment figure
- caregiver is feared or fearful
mix of resistant and avoidant attachment
how does attachment influence internal working models?
secure - know/expect people to look out for them
others - will think people are not looking out for them
how do peers effect attachment?
- help to buffer poor relationships
- teach behaviour in intimate relationships
when does separation anxiety occur?
6-8 months
when does stranger anxiety occur?
8-10 months
how can stranger anxiety be minimised?
familiarity of context, sensitive stranger, introduce where baby feels secure
what are the 4 phases of forming attachments?
- undiscriminating social responsiveness
- discriminating social responsiveness
- proximity seeking + true attachment
- goal corrected partnership
what is undiscriminating social responsiveness and when does this occur?
birth-2months
responding to voices + stimuli, no clear preference for person
what is discriminating social responsiveness and when does it occur?
2-6months
smiles + babbles to chosen people, preference for person
what is proximity seeking + true attachment and when does it occur?
6mth-3years
clear attachments, children stay close to attachment figure
what is goal corrected partnership and when does it occur?
3+ years
behaviour adjusted to stay close to attachment figure
which study looks at how attachment style effects child’s expectations?
Johnson et. al
- mummy and baby ball going up hill, baby ball is unable to follow
- look at what children are more surprised at - mum coming back or continuing
- also with responsive/unresponsive infant moving away or welcomes on return
how do infant characteristics influence attachment?
babies must have good cognitive understanding
temperament influences reaction to parenting style
how does context effect attachment?
everyday life issues effect how responsive/sensitive parents are to their children
cultural differences in which attachment style is preferred - clingy vs oneness
what 3 things happen to attachment in childhood?
- children rely on parents less
- attachment becomes goal directed partnership
- lean towards peers
what are characteristics of a securely attached child?
cognitive/social competence, positive reactions
what are characteristics of a insecurely attached child?
withdrawn, dependent, fearful
what 2 things happen to attachment in adolescence?
- parents are still important
2. more intimate/closer friendships
what 3 things happen to attachment in adulthood?
- social networks shrink but are closer
- family more important
- romantic relations important
what are the 3 motivational behavioural systems for attachment in love
- attachment system
- caregiving system
- sex system
