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PSYCH 326 > for exam - RACHEL > Flashcards

for exam - RACHEL Flashcards

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1
Q

what does Skinner say about emotions?

A

they do not have any useful function
disrupt activity
lack logic

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2
Q

what does Leverson say about emotions?

A

they have a clear purpose
organise behaviour
allow us to adjust to environment

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3
Q

what are 4 primary emotions?

A

joy, surprise, sadness, anger

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4
Q

when are primary emotions detectable?

A

birth - 1 year

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5
Q

what are secondary emotions and when are they detectable?

A

complex self/social emotions, emerge 1.5-3 years when children realise they exist

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6
Q

what are 5 secondary emotions?

A

embarrassment, empathy, pride, guilt, shame

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7
Q

what is social referencing?

A

the idea that children use their parents as a guide to how they should feel through monitoring their parents’ reactions

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8
Q

what is an experiment evidencing social referencing

A

babies crawling on box with mum at the other end, when mother shows looks of uncertainty, babies would not crawl over

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9
Q

what is emotion regulation?

A

processes learned throughout the lifetime involving inititiating, maintaining and altering emotional responses

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10
Q

what happens to emotions in childhood?

A

children develop more emotional competence - can deal with positive and negative emotions
start to learn rules for emotions (culture helps)

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11
Q

what are 4 characteristics of emotion coaching?

A
  1. being aware of low intensity emotions
  2. accepting and empathising
  3. helping to understand and express
  4. helping to deal with the situation
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12
Q

what are 3 characteristics of emotion dismissing?

A
  1. ignoring, denying or punishing negative emotions
  2. trying to convert them to a positive emotion as quickly as possible
  3. not dealing with the emotion
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13
Q

what happens to emotions in adolescence?

A

more negative life events = poor regulation = mood swings

choosing to savour negative emotions

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14
Q

what happens to emotions in old age?

A

more positive = greater wellbeing

smaller social circle

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15
Q

what are 4 emotional regulation strategies?

A
  1. emotional supression
  2. rumination
  3. distraction
  4. cognitive reappraisal
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16
Q

what is rumination?

A

thinking about how bad you’re feeling over and over again

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17
Q

what is cognitive reappraisal?

A

reframing something bad that has happened positively

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18
Q

what is the positivity effect?

A

paying attention when something good happens

19
Q

what is the idea of attachment theory?

A

attachment helps to regulate emotional distress and achieves security by seeking proximity

20
Q

when do attachment styles arise?

A

‘sensitive period’ - first 3 years of life

21
Q

what are 3 characteristics of secure attachment?

A
  1. attachment figure is a source of comfort
  2. infant welcomes close contact, seeks proximity
  3. caregiver is responsive and sensitive
22
Q

what are 2 characteristics of resistant attachment?

A
  1. infant has separation anxiety but is ambivalent when they return
  2. attachment figure inconsistent - moody/unresponsive
23
Q

what are 2 characteristics of avoidant attachment?

A
  1. little separation anxiety + avoiding/ignoring on return

2. caregiver provides over or under stimulation

24
Q

what are 2 characteristics of disorganised attachment?

A
  1. confusion whether to approach or avoid attachment figure
  2. caregiver is feared or fearful
    mix of resistant and avoidant attachment
25
Q

how does attachment influence internal working models?

A

secure - know/expect people to look out for them

others - will think people are not looking out for them

26
Q

how do peers effect attachment?

A
  • help to buffer poor relationships

- teach behaviour in intimate relationships

27
Q

when does separation anxiety occur?

A

6-8 months

28
Q

when does stranger anxiety occur?

A

8-10 months

29
Q

how can stranger anxiety be minimised?

A

familiarity of context, sensitive stranger, introduce where baby feels secure

30
Q

what are the 4 phases of forming attachments?

A
  1. undiscriminating social responsiveness
  2. discriminating social responsiveness
  3. proximity seeking + true attachment
  4. goal corrected partnership
31
Q

what is undiscriminating social responsiveness and when does this occur?

A

birth-2months

responding to voices + stimuli, no clear preference for person

32
Q

what is discriminating social responsiveness and when does it occur?

A

2-6months

smiles + babbles to chosen people, preference for person

33
Q

what is proximity seeking + true attachment and when does it occur?

A

6mth-3years

clear attachments, children stay close to attachment figure

34
Q

what is goal corrected partnership and when does it occur?

A

3+ years

behaviour adjusted to stay close to attachment figure

35
Q

which study looks at how attachment style effects child’s expectations?

A

Johnson et. al

  • mummy and baby ball going up hill, baby ball is unable to follow
  • look at what children are more surprised at - mum coming back or continuing
  • also with responsive/unresponsive infant moving away or welcomes on return
36
Q

how do infant characteristics influence attachment?

A

babies must have good cognitive understanding

temperament influences reaction to parenting style

37
Q

how does context effect attachment?

A

everyday life issues effect how responsive/sensitive parents are to their children
cultural differences in which attachment style is preferred - clingy vs oneness

38
Q

what 3 things happen to attachment in childhood?

A
  1. children rely on parents less
  2. attachment becomes goal directed partnership
  3. lean towards peers
39
Q

what are characteristics of a securely attached child?

A

cognitive/social competence, positive reactions

40
Q

what are characteristics of a insecurely attached child?

A

withdrawn, dependent, fearful

41
Q

what 2 things happen to attachment in adolescence?

A
  1. parents are still important

2. more intimate/closer friendships

42
Q

what 3 things happen to attachment in adulthood?

A
  1. social networks shrink but are closer
  2. family more important
  3. romantic relations important
43
Q

what are the 3 motivational behavioural systems for attachment in love

A
  1. attachment system
  2. caregiving system
  3. sex system

PSYCH 326 (4 decks)

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