for exam - CHRIS Flashcards
what is a misconception for visual perception?
that we perceive things as they are (like a camera)
what is categorical perception?
the tendency to group incoming sensory information that exists along a continuum into discrete categories (eg. colour hue range)
what did Tinbergen (1951) study and find?
flew a cardboard cut out of a bird overheard, left signalled threatening bird, right signalled non threatening
new born chicks exhibited stress on left movement
showed innate recognition of threatening stimulus
what did Fantz (1957) find?
chicks preferred to peck at more natural looking objects (that looked like food)
suggests innate bias in visual system
what did Johnson et. al (1991) study and find?
babies shown 3 paddles, 1 normal face 1 scrambled 1 plain paddle
babies showed tracking on the face one
preference for face like configurations, not necessarily human ones
what occurs with visual perception at 3 months?
preference for well proportioned over distorted faces
preferences for faces of own ethnic group (familiar)
what occurs with visual perception at 6 months?
infants can discriminate between different human and monkey faces but this decreases at 9 months
similar with sheep faces
what is perceptual narrowing?
a process in which the ability to perceive stimuli that are frequently encountered improves and those not frequently encountered declines
what is a misconception of speech perception?
we hear things like a microphone records them
what is co-articulation?
current shape of mouth is influenced by what you are saying/just said/are about to say
what is speech perception like in adulthood?
can hear clear differences between phonemes relative to our language (categorical perception)
what is speech perception like at 6 mths?
infants can discriminate between phonemes of all languages
decreases at 12mths - become experts in their own language (perceptual narrowing)
what did Meltzoff & Borton (1979) study and find?
integration of vision and touch
babies given 2 different dummies - textured and smooth, unable to see
when babies shown dummies, look longer at whichever one they had experienced
shows infants can quickly integrate info from different modalities
what did Lewkowicz & Ghazanfar (2009) study and find?
newborns presented with 2 monkey faces making faces suggesting cooing/grunting
one condition - no sound, just faces
another - both sound and faces
babies looked longer at the monkey whose mouth corresponded with the sound playing
able to pair visual with auditory signal
decreases at 12 mths
what is the Atkinson & Shiffrin model of memory?
sensory - held for brief amount of time
working - short term memory, limited capacity
long term - skills, episodic memory
what is the process of memory?
sensory > encoding > working > storage > long term
long term > working = retrieval
how does attention impact memory?
influences which info is selected from sensory/long term memory and held in working memory
what is Baddeley’s model of working memory?
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
central executive
what is the phonological loop?
used to keep a limited amount of auditory info in mind eg. a conversation, reading
what is the visuospatial sketchpad?
used to keep visual and spatial info in memory eg. navigating with map
what is the episodic buffer?
storehouse that holds info from phonological loop, visuospatial, long term memory - used to recall and imagine experience
what is the central executive?
used to transform and integrate information but not store it, decides what gets attention
what 6 things influence the development of working memory?
- perceptual narrowing
- inc capacity of memory
- knowledge of world
- more able to control attention
- improved language skills
- better memory strategies
what is the information processing theory?
emphasises domain-general developments, maturation and the computer metaphor
how does maturity influence development of memory?
inc in maturation results in increased processing speeds through pruning which means more info is stored in working memory and more complex strategies can be used
what does high amplitude sucking demonstrate?
infants can remember stories read to them before they were born
taught babies they can change what they hear by sucking more
babies sucked more when familiar story was read
how does kicking demonstrate memory?
ribbon attached to baby’s foot and mobile, kicking controls how much mobile moves
give them a break, put back in crib but foot attached to crib
see if they remember that kicking will move the mobile
8 wk olds could remember
what does deferred imitation demonstrate?
experimenters turn on light with forehead, then a day later infants imitated the same movement
show they remember the novel action
what is childhood amnesia?
inability to recall info from infancy or early childhood
what are autobiographical memories?
memories we have from our past
what 4 factors influence childhood amnesia?
- space in working memory
- lack of language
- sociocultural support
- sense of self
- verbatim vs. gist storage
- neurogenesis
how does space in working memory influence childhood amnesia?
children struggle to hold info need to consolidate memory as working memory only becomes concentrated in frontal lobes later in life
how does lack of language influence childhood amnesia?
memory relies on language for encoding, storing and retrieval
what is the incredible shrinking machine experiment?
children told to put toy in machine and pull and lever and toy comes out smaller - verbal abilities measured
then 6 months pass and reassess non verbal and verbal memory of experience
can remember non verbal better - pictures enhanced recall
only used words they used in first test
how does sociocultural support influence childhood amnesia?
parents interaction styles influence what is remembered and how memories are formed
what did Jack et. al (2009) study and find?
interaction styles and memory
had conversation with child about past event
either elaborative (ask questions) or repetitive (repeat aspects of event)
elaborative convo predictive of remembering earlier memories
how does sense of self influence childhood amnesia?
understanding who you are is important for forming memories
those who did well in mirror test do well in memory tests
how does verbatim vs. gist storage influence childhood amnesia?
children who explain things in general gist instead of word for word have better memories (fuzzy trace theory)
how does neurogenesis influence childhood amnesia?
birth of new brain cells during infancy may displace memories
how does knowledge base influence memory development?
adults have a larger knowledge capacity/expertise than children so can remember better
what are 3 strategies to improve memory performance?
- rehearsal/repetition
- chunking
- encoding/maintenance - info encoded using PL, VS or EB
what is an example of chunking?
children presented with pictures that belong to 2 groups, asked to remember
older children more likely to chunk than younger children
explain that PL VS study with long animals that sound the same and words that are shorter
children required to match objects that had labels that sounded the same or different
if using PL, should make more mistakes on the similar sounds - they did after 6
same with younger children but visual (short names visually different, long names visually similar)
what is metamemory?
knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes
what is an example of metamemory?
toy hidden under 1 of 4 cups on table, experimenter leaves room and observes child through camera
showing metamemory through strategies you see children using
what are the 3 attentional networks?
orienting attention
alerting attention
executive attention
what is orienting attention?
drawing attention to a stimulus in a scene eg. turning if someone calls out your name
what is alerting attention?
maintaining attentional arousal based on prediction eg. watching to see who comes in room after you hear door opening
what is executive attention?
directing attention and problem solving
what are the 3 categories of executive attention?
inhibitory control - surpessing impulsive or automatic responses
shifting - switching between ways of thinking
updating - maintaining certain information in mind and letting go of the unimportant
what is preserveration?
repeating a pattern of behaviour when it is no longer appropriate
what is the dimensional change card sort task?
2 sorting trays with 2 types of cards
introduced to colour game - put cards in trays depending on their colour
then shifts to new rules of shape game
younger children stick with first set of rules, older children shift
what is the representational complexity account?
lacking ability to represent sufficiently complex rules
what is delay of gratification?
ability to resist temptation for an immediate reward in hopes of securing a greater reward later
