Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 326 > for exam - JESS > Flashcards

for exam - JESS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

the understanding that people’s actions are motivated by internal mental states (desires, thoughts, emotions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do we need theory of mind?

A

for successful communication

to predict and interpret people’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are 5 precursors of development?

A
  1. imitation
  2. joint attention
  3. recognising goals/intentions
  4. pretend play
  5. emotion understanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is imitation?

A

the ability to mentally represent the actions of others

helps build understanding of motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is joint attention?

A

the awareness of the visual experience of others (understanding perspectives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is recognising goals/intentions?

A

understanding that human actions have intended goals (6months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does Woodward’s (1998) study show?

A

understanding of goal and action
babies shown scenario of hand grabbing ball on pillar, then shown 2 other conditions where hand reaching for ball on other pillar or hand reaching for bear on same pillar
more confused with hand reaching for bear on old pillar
repeated with rod - ambivalent to either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is pretend play?

A

1-2 years - starting to take others’ perspectives and distinguish between reality and fantasy
important for holding abstract concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is emotion understanding?

A

2+ years, understanding the causes of basic emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Wellman’s (1990) 5 stages of theory of mind development?

A
  1. desire psychology
  2. belief
  3. knowledge access
  4. false belief understanding
  5. hidden emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is desire psychology?

A

2 years
children explain their behaviour in terms of desires
understanding desires drive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does Repacholi & Gopnik’s study show?

A

desire and action - broccoli and cracker test
children given broccoli and crackers and asked to say which one they liked more
experimenter then said they like the opposite one
experimenter then asks for food, if children understand desire they will give experimenter the one that they like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the problems with Repacholi & Gopnik’s study?

A

has not been well replicated, only half passing reliably, some 2-3 year olds dont pass
problems with null results not getting published

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is belief?

A

4 years

understanding that both beliefs and desires drive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the diverse beliefs task?

A

get child to say something they think about something, puppet held up expressing the opposite belief, child asked to predict how the puppet will behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is knowledge access?

A

understanding that seeing an object/event gives the viewer knowledge about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is false belief understanding?

A

understanding that beliefs can be false and people will act on their beliefs even if they are false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the location change “sally/anne” task?

A

one character puts a toy in a box
another character comes along and moves the toy to another box
the first character comes back and the child is asked where the character is going to look for her toy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is hidden emotion?

A

5-7 years

understanding that people can deliberately hide and falsify their emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is perspective taking?

A

the ability to take the perspective of others, fundamental to social cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 2 types of perspective taking?

A

visual and cognitive/emotional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 2 levels of progress of visual perspective taking?

A 
level 1 (2years): can infer what objects others can and cannot see
level 2 (6-7years): visualise how a scene looks from another person's perspective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is visual perspective taking assessed?

A

piaget’s mountain problem - show a child 3 different mountains and ask the child what the person on the other side can see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is cognitive/emotional perspective taking?

A

imagining and understanding how and why people feel a certain way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is affective empathy?

A

feeling what other people feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 5 influences on the development of theory of mind?

A
  1. evolution
  2. biology
  3. language
  4. social interactions
  5. culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does evolution influence theory of mind?

A

emerges through natural selection as understanding people’s emotions helps with success of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does biology influence theory of mind?

A

there are specialised areas of the brain that are involved in social cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A

neurons that activate when an individual is doing an action/watching someone do an action - basis for empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how does language influence theory of mind?

A

exposure to language important to understanding/talking about thoughts and feelings
shown through slower development of deaf kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how do social interactions influence theory of mind?

A

attachment styles - secure is beneficial

siblings/peers interactions - learn manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does parenting influence theory of mind?

A

attachment styles - secure is beneficial
considering thoughts and feelings of child
using reasoning when disciplining
‘parent mind-mindedness’- treating child as independent agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how does culture influence theory of mind?

A

difference between individualistic and collectivist culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how do individualistic cultures view theory of mind?

A

mind develops as an independent individual

psychological and mental explanations for behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how do collectivist cultures view theory of mind?

A

interpersonal relatedness fostered

encourage conformity to cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how does social cognition change in adolescence?

A

affective empathy matures
perspective taking more sophisticated
can hold multiple mental representations of different perspective, including society’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is a drawback of better social cognition?

A

could be used negatively for manipulation/bullying

38
Q

what was flannery & smith’s (2017) experiment on?

A

about ability and tendency to perspective take

  • perspective taking inc with age
  • ability and tendency not correlated
  • girls had higher ability and tendency
  • boys ability increased but tendency decreased
39
Q

how does social cognition change in adulthood?

A

improvements in emotion recognition, perspective taking
plateau in empathy and inferencing other mental states
wisdom and social conflict reasoning improves
inc social activity = inc social cognition

40
Q

what is morality?

A

being able to distinguish right from wrong, acting on this decision and experiencing emotions due to these actions

41
Q

what are the 3 components of morality?

A
  1. cognitive - understanding right/wrong and the reasons
  2. behavioural - acting in a moral manner
  3. emotional - understanding the emotions that accompany moral/immoral acts
42
Q

what is psychoanalytic theory?

A

places emphasis on moral emotions

moral emotions developed in the phallic stage when the superego arises (conscience)

43
Q

what is the role of the superego?

A

stops people from acting undesirably and finds socially acceptable outlets for undesirable impulses
emerges as children internalise parents’ morals

44
Q

what are the strengths of psychoanalytic theory?

A

highlights the main role of emotions in moral behaviour

highlights role of parents

45
Q

what is cognitive development theory?

A

moral development depends on social cognitive development and focusses on the decision process involved in how we choose to act (perspective taking, TOM, emotion understanding)

46
Q

who are the two theorists for cognitive development theories?

A

piaget and kohlberg

47
Q

what is piaget’s theory of moral development?

A

3 stages
premoral (0-5) - little understanding of morality
heteronomous morality (6-10) - rules given my authority, wrongness judged by consequences
autonomous morality (10-11) - moral judgements based on whether intentions were good or bad rather than outcome

48
Q

what is kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

3 stages

  1. preconventional morality
  2. conventional morality
  3. post conventional morality
49
Q

what occurs in preconventional morality?

A
  1. punishment and obedience orientations - morality depends on consequences
  2. instrumental hedonism - conforming to rules to gain rewards and expecting reciprocity for good deeds
50
Q

what occurs in conventional morality?

A
  1. good boy/man morality - doing the right thing so that you are considered ‘good’ in social relationships
  2. maintaining morality for social order - conforming to rules you believes maintain a social order
51
Q

what occurs in post conventional morality?

A
  1. morality of individual rights - laws should be democratic and maximise welfare
  2. morality of individual principles of conscience - right and wrong are defined by universal principles of justice
52
Q

what are the setbacks to Kohlberg’s theory?

A

there is a cultural, liberal and gender bias
culture - study based on western individualistic ideas
liberal - conservatives would struggle to reach last 2 stages
overlooks moral emotions and behaviour

53
Q

what is social cognitive theory?

A

the idea that moral behaviour is learned through the same processes as other behaviour (imitation, punishment/reinforcement)

54
Q

what is the evolutionary theory of moral development?

A

the ability to reason morally has developed through evolution because altruism and reciprocity are adaptive for our species

55
Q

what 4 things occur in childhood with morality?

A
  1. preschoolers can judge wrongness based on intentions
  2. they are influenced by desires (TOM)
  3. can tell differences between moral and social conventional rules
  4. adults rules questioned
56
Q

what 4 things occur in adolescence with morality?

A
  1. shift to good boy/man reasoning
  2. start reasoning in line with the maintenance of social order
  3. identity includes morals and values
  4. temporary/chronic antisocial in some adolescence due to poor social cognition/negative family life/genes
57
Q

what 3 things occur in adulthood with morality?

A
  1. post conventional reasoning possible
  2. moral reasoning becomes stable due to wisdom
    3, important moral lessons have been learned
58
Q

what are 3 influences on moral thinking?

A
  1. interactions with peers and family
  2. tertiary schooling
  3. societies that encourage democratic thinking
59
Q

what is prosocial behaviour?

A

occurs when social cognition and morality are combined

voluntarily acting to benefit others through helping, sharing, comforting etc.

60
Q

what 5 aspects of prosocial behaviour develop in infancy?

A 
informational helping
instrumental helping
sharing
cooperation
comforting
61
Q

how does informational helping develop in infancy?

A

babies use actions to help others (pointing to provide info)

develop awareness that they can help

62
Q

how does instrumental helping develop in infancy?

A

babies begin to assist others with goal-oriented tasks

start with simple goals at (14 months) and develop into complex goals (18 months)

63
Q

what did Warneken and Tomasello (2006) study and find?

A

studied simple and complicated tasks with 14 month and 18 moths
all 18 months attempted t ohelp with all tasks

64
Q

how does sharing develop in infancy?

A

18-24 months share with familiar children more than stranger

infants share more evenly if they worked together to get the resource or visual cues indicate splitting of resources

65
Q

how does cooperation develop in infancy?

A

can coordinate basic actions with adults at 14 months
aware cooperation is dependent on both partners
ability increases between 15-18 months

66
Q

how does comforting develop in infancy?

A

start comforting family before first birthday

doesnt fully develop until 2.5 years

67
Q

how does prosocial behaviour develop in childhood?

A

helping behaviour becomes more sophisticated as empathic and altruistic helping emerges
more helpful towards same gender peers
children judge whether someone is worth cooperating with - prefer to cooperate with good communicators

68
Q

what did Svetlova, Nichols and Brownell (2010) study and find?

A

measured children’s assistance in 3 situations, how much prompting would they need to help
situations involved instrumental helping (reaching something for someone), comforting someone, altruistic helping (giving something of their own)
children need less prompting as they get older as they under stand mental states mroe

69
Q

how are comforting and helping measured in schools?

A
  1. vignettes - asking child what characters should do

2. parent/teacher report

70
Q

what did Flook, Zahn-Waxler and Davidson (2019) study and find?

A

understanding how children choose who they share with
got children to nominate who they liked most and least in the class, then asked to give children stickers
gave lots of stickers to the kids they liked the most

71
Q

what is the prisoner’s dilemma and what does it show?

A

showing how cooperative ability becomes more flexible
given options for sentence splits, if one confesses they go free and other has huge sentence, both confess they split larger sentence, both dont confess they split smaller

72
Q

how is antisocial behaviour demonstrated in children?

A

lack of empathy/guilt
manipulation
poor emotion recognition
delayed maturation of certain brain regions

73
Q

what are 11 influences on prosocial behaviour?

A
  1. evolution
  2. drive to interact
  3. temperament
  4. empathy
  5. self/other understanding
  6. cognition
  7. mental state language
  8. mind mindedness
  9. parenting style
  10. sibling interaction
  11. culture
74
Q

how does evolution influence prosocial behaviour?

A

non-human primates help and cooperate to survive

75
Q

how does drive to interact influence prosocial behaviour?

A

infants have a preference for human faces and seek interaction from birth
this motivates early helping - dont realise they are helping but just enjoy it

76
Q

how does temperament influence prosocial behaviour?

A

an inhibited temperament = avoidance of interacting with others

77
Q

how does empathy influence prosocial behaviour?

A

affective empathy is a key motivator of prosocial behaviour
empathic concern = concern for the feeling of others, increases comforting
personal distress = feeling what others feel but self focussed response, inc or dec comforting depending on how you deal with it

78
Q

how does self/other understanding influence prosocial behaviour?

A

allows personal distress to become empathic concern
helps with taking perspective of others
linked to comforting not helping/sharing

79
Q

how does cognition influence prosocial behaviour?

A

allows children to read mental states and perspective take (higher TOM = inc helping/comforting/sharing)
helps judge whether someone is a worthy prosocial partner

80
Q

how does mental state language influence prosocial behaviour?

A

talking about feelings increases social behaviour especially comforting
not just labelling feelings but explaining them

81
Q

how does mind mindedness influence prosocial behaviour?

A

treating children as individual mental agent, respond appropriately to them

82
Q

what are 2 ways that mind mindedness can be observed?

A
  1. asking a parent to describe their child - see if they use mental or physical descriptions
  2. observing play - does a parent respond correctly/read a child’s state of mind?
83
Q

how does parenting style influence prosocial behaviour?

A

fostering empathy is key

need to match parenting style to child’s temperament

84
Q

what are the 3 different parenting approaches to discipline?

A

love withdrawal - using love as a bargaining chip to behave
power assertion - frightening, threatening
induction - explaining why something is wrong in terms of how it affected other people

85
Q

how do sibling interactions influence prosocial behaviour?

A

teaching caring for younger siblings provides experience with helping others
training ground for cooperation

86
Q

how does culture influence prosocial behaviour?

A

cultural differences in the role of self recognition - linked to increased comfort in individualistic but not collectivist cultures

87
Q

how is beneficial parenting different between cultures?

A

individualistic - maternal warmth increases prosocial behaviour
collectivist - obedience demanding parenting increases prosocial behaviour

88
Q

how does prosocial behaviour develop in adolescence?

A

growth of prosocial behaviour depends on the recipient (inc for friends, inc then flatten for strangers, stable for family)
quality of relationships with parents, family, friends plays a role

89
Q

what is the dual process model of morality?

A

moral reasoning/cognition - focus on logic, rational thought, impartiality
moral emotion/intuition - focus on intuition, gut reaction, empathy, automatic process

90
Q

how do spirituality and religiousness influence prosocial behaviour?

A

both linked to life purpose/meaning

increase positive relations with everyone

91
Q

what did Zic & Somerville (2017) study and find?

A

babies expect things to be divided evenly from a young age
divided treats between people and between cushions
babies looked longer when treats were divided unevenly between people but were un-phased when they were divided unevenly between cushions

92
Q

what did Henderson & Wang (2011) study and find?

A

trying to ascertain whether babies understood 2 people were cooperating to achieve a goal

  • showed habituation event until babies got bored, actors were trying to get toy out of box
  • then box opener returns and asks babies where ‘it’ is - interested to see whether babies would think she was looking for the box or the toy
  • test trials where she grabbed the duck or the toy
  • 14mth olds looked longer at box trials, 10mth olds didnt make a distinction

PSYCH 326 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions