FOPC3 - Children's health and health promotion

Question 1

Name 4 lifestyle factors that can influence health and wellbeing of children.

Answer 1

1. Sleep
2. Screen time
3. Exercise
4. Diet

Question 2

Define health promotion.

Answer 2

Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease
Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
Applied to a wide range of approaches. to improve health of people, communities and population
Usually planned but can be opportunistic

Question 3

What affects health?

Answer 3

Genetics
Access
Environment
Lifestyle

Question 4

What are 3 theories of health promotion?

Answer 4

1. Educational (one-to-one or groups)
2. Socioeconomic (national policies)
3. Psychological (emphasis on whether individual is ready for change)

Question 5

What does health promotion include?

Answer 5

Health education
Health protection
Disease prevention

Question 6

What is the aim of educational health promotion?

Answer 6

Change knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours for health improvements

Question 7

Define health protection.

Answer 7

Collective activities directed at. factors beyond control of individual. Regulations, policies or voluntary codes of practice
–> prevent ill health or posit enhancement of well-being

Question 8

Define empowerment.

Answer 8

Generation of power in those individuals and groups whah previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices

Question 9

What are benefits of empowerment?

Answer 9

Resists local pressure
Utilise coping strategies
Heightened consciousness of action

Question 10

Draw the cycle of change.

Answer 10

…

Question 11

Define primary prevention and give an example.

Answer 11

Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
Reduce probability and/or severity of illness or injury.

e.g smoking cessation, immunisation

Question 12

Define secondary prevention and give an example.

Answer 12

Detection of a disease at an early/preclinical stage in order to cure, prevent or lessen symptomatology

e.g screening

Question 13

What criteria is used when designing screening methods?

Answer 13

Wilson and Jungner’s Criteria

Question 14

Describe Wilson and Jungner’s criteria for screening.

Answer 14

1. Illness - important, natural history known, clinically detectable, pre-symptomatic stage
2. Test - easy, cost-effective, acceptable, sensitive, specific
3. Treatment - acceptable, cost-effective, better if early

Question 15

Give examples of screening.

Answer 15

Breast
Bowel cancer 
Cervical cancer 
AAA
Diabetic retinopathy 
PKU 
Hypothyroidism
Sickle cell 
CF

Question 16

Define tertiary prevention and give an example.

Answer 16

Measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease

e.g Analgesia and physio for OA

Question 17

What should be considered when dealing with the health of adolescents?

Answer 17

Diet, exercise, sleep, social issues

Question 18

How much exercise are teens recommended to do?

Answer 18

60 mins of moderate/vigorous exercise/day

Question 19

What is notably absent in young and elderly?

Answer 19

Homeostasis

Question 20

What are common reasons for children to present to primary care?

Answer 20

URTI, rashes, failure to thrive, fever

Question 21

What should be considered in paediatric GP consultations?

Answer 21

Child protection
Safety netting
Second consultations
Parent anxiety

Question 22

What reasoning method is used by GPs?

Answer 22

Hypothetic-deductive reasoning

Question 23

What are individual influences on health?

Answer 23

Age, gender, how mother responded to childhood ailments, risk perceptions, intra-uterine environment, how symptoms are perceived

Question 24

Summarise the key stages of early development.

Answer 24

0-2 years - secure attachments, explore environment.

2-4y - basic cognate and social skills, language aquisition

5-11y - intellectual skills, social and emotional competence

12-18y - physiological and physical changes, develop meaningful relationships

Question 25

What are paediatric milestones?

Answer 25

Mark end of one developmental period and beginning of another e.g smile, sit up, walk, talk

Question 26

What can cause delays in reaching milestones?

Answer 26

Genetics
Fetal exposure to toxins
Peri-natal complications
Post-natal infections

Question 27

Define the psychological theory of children.

Answer 27

Children most likely to understand explanations about their illness if it takes into account of existing peel of understanding , linked to own experience and immediate concerns, presented with appropriate non-verbal contextual support

Question 28

What are children with chronic illnesses more likely to have?

Answer 28

Psychosocial disturbances

Question 29

What is negatively impacted on in children with cancer?

Answer 29

Social and psychological
–> anxiety, behavioural problems, somatic complaints, intense stress, PTSD, academic difficulties, surrounding frustrations, worries about future, peer relationship difficulties

Question 30

What factors affect children with chronic illness?

Answer 30

Nature of condition and treatment
Age
Family and wider social environment
Nature and availability of support services

Question 31

What factors should be considered with adolescents esp if chronic illnesses?

Answer 31

Substance abuse
Depression
Dropping out of school 
Reduced impulse control 
Increased impulsivity and risk taking attitude

Question 32

What are the two main types of coping strategies?

Answer 32

Emotional - focussed, problem- focussed

Question 33

What are coping strategies?

Answer 33

Problem solving
Support seeking. 
Escape avoidance 
Distraction 
Cognitive re-structuring

Question 34

What is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) a tool for?

Answer 34

Personality types

Question 35

What are the big 5 personality types?

Answer 35

Neuroticism
Extraversion 
Openness
Agreeableness 
Conscientiousness