Foot and Mouth Disease

Question 1

How many and what are the different serotypes of FMD?

Answer 1

7…
A
O
C
Asia 1
SAT 1, 2 + 3

Question 2

Where are the different serotypes found?

Answer 2

*A+O = most endemic region except south africa
*Asia 1 = endemic regions in Asia
*C = not seen since 2004
*Southern Africa Territories (SAT) 1+ 2 throughout africa
*SAT 3 = southern + eastern africa

Question 3

What are susceptible species of FMD?

Answer 3

*Cattle
*Sheep
*Goats
*Pigs
*Wild boar
*Water buffalo
*Deer
*Camels
*Llamas + Alpacas

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of FMD in cattle?

Answer 4

• Drop in milk yield
• Rectal temperature: 40.5 ºC
• Drooling thick ‘ropey’ saliva
• Lip smacking
• Depressed, ‘sick’ looking
• Uncomfortable on feet
  *Vesicles
• Abortion or still birth
• Death in young animals
• Vesicles rupture 24 hours and
  heal 1 week
• Recover in two weeks unless
  secondary infections arise

Question 5

Where are vesicles seen in cattle?

Answer 5

• Vesicles - mouth
• Tongue, dental pad, hard
  palate, lips, gums, muzzle
• Vesicles – feet
• Coronary Band
• Interdigital space
• Vesicles – teats, udder

Question 6

What are the clinical signs in Sheep + Goats?

Answer 6

• Mild, if any, signs:
• Fever
• Oral lesions
• Lameness
• Makes diagnosis and prevention of spread difficult
• Other lesions in mouth

Question 7

What are the clinical signs in Pigs?

Answer 7

Foot lesions
* More severe than in cattle
* Coronary band, heel, interdigital
space
* Lameness
Snout vesicles
Oral vesicles less common
* Drooling is rare

Question 8

What are differential diagnosis to FMD in pigs?

Answer 8

• Vesicular stomatitis
• Swine vesicular disease
• Vesicular exanthema of swine
• Foot rot
• Chemical and thermal burns

Question 9

What are differential diagnosis to FMD in cattle?

Answer 9

• Rinderpest, IBR, BVD, MCF, Bluetongue
• Bovine mammilitis, Bovine papular stomatitis

Question 10

How is FMD diagnosed?

Answer 10

1. Clinical signs
2. Laboratory
   Virus isolation
   Antigen detection:
   ELISA, PCR
   Antibody detection:
   ELISA, SNT
   Genetic analysis

Question 11

How is FMD transmitted?

Answer 11

*Breath
*Secretions + Excretions
*Animal products - milk meat, carcase (feed)

Question 12

How is FMD inactivated?

Answer 12

Temperature
* Progressively inactivated by temperatures above 50 *C

pH
* Inactivated by pH <6.0 or >9.0

Disinfectants
* Inactivated by sodium hydroxide (2%), sodium carbonate (2%), citric acid (0.2%)

Question 13

What is control for FMD?

Answer 13

1. Prophylactic vaccination
2. Stamping out alone
3. Stamping out with suppressive vaccination
4. Stamping out with protective vaccination

Question 14

What does the stamping out policy involve?

Answer 14

Slaughter of:
1. Animals affected or suspected of being infected
2. Animals believed to have been exposed to FMD (Dangerous contacts)
3. Animals to prevent spread

Question 15

What is suppressive vaccination?

Answer 15

• No of animals culled exceeds disposal capacity. Vaccinate to slaughter.
• Reduce amount of virus circulating
• Reduce risks of spread

Question 16

What is protective vaccination?

Answer 16

• Outbreak not contained by stamping out. Vaccinate to live
• Defined category of animals identified for protection (geographic, species)
• Protect zoo animals, genetic material and rare breeds

Question 17

What are the restriction areas made?

Answer 17

3km protection zone
10km surveillance zone