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Control and Movement Term 2 > Foot and Ankle | General > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle | General Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gross formation of the ankle?

A

Articulation between distal tibia and talus

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2
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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3
Q

What movements are available to the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion
Eversion

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4
Q

What are the bones which form the osteology of the ankle?

A 
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
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5
Q

What factors contribute to stability of the ankle?

A

Good congruity between malleolar mortice and trochlea

Strong ligaments between the bones of the ankle joint

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6
Q

What ligaments strengthen the ankle joint?

A

Interosseous membrane (distal part)

Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Calcaneofibular ligament

Deltoid (medial) ligament

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7
Q

Where is the trochlea wider, anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly

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8
Q

During dorsiflexion, where does the trochlea move and what does this movement do?

A

The anterior part of the trochlea moves between the malleoli

Movement increases the grip on the talus by spreading the tibia and fibula

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9
Q

Why is dorsiflexion the most stable position of the ankle joint?

A

It spreads the tibia and fibula slightly which increases grip on the talus

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10
Q

What is the origin of the medial ligament (deltoid ligament) ?

A

Medial malleolus

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11
Q

What is the insertion of the medial ligament?

A

Talus
Navicular
Calcaneus

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12
Q

What muscles are used in dorsiflexion?

A

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

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13
Q

What muscles are used in plantar flexion?

A

Uses muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg except popliteus

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14
Q

Where do eversion and eversion primarily occur?

A

The subtler joint

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15
Q

Where is the subtler joint?

A

Between the talus and underlying calcaneus

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16
Q

Which spinal nerves innervate muscles inverting the foot?

A

L4 + L5

17
Q

Which spinal nerves innervate the muscles everting the foot?

A

L5 +S1

18
Q

What type of injury do most ankle injuries fall under?

A

Inversion Injuries with twisting of a plantar-flexed foot

19
Q

Why is a healed bone post ankle injury weak?

A

The ligament fibres do not grow back into the bone cortex

Torn ligaments associated with injury to the bone destabilise the joint predisposing them to dislocation

20
Q

Which ligament is weaker, lateral or medial?

A

Lateral Ligament

21
Q

What can an eversion injury result in?

A

Avulsion of the medical malleolus die to pulling on the strong medial ligament

22
Q

From posterior to anterior, what are the joints of the foot?

A 
Talonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Naviculocuneiform joints
Tarsometatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
23
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Distribute weight
Act as shock absorbers
Increase flexibility of the foot
Act as ‘springboards’

24
Q

Name the arches of the foot

A

Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse

25
Q

What does the medial longitudinal arch comprise?

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
3 cuneiforms
3 metatarsals
26
Q

Which way is weight transmitted through the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Talus > Calcaneus > Metatarsal heads

27
Q

What does the lateral longitudinal arch comprise?

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Lateral 2 metatarsals

28
Q

What does the transverse arch comprise?

A

Cuboid
3 Cuneiforms
5 Metatarsals

29
Q

What are the mechanisms used to support the arches of the foot?

A

Passive support included ligaments and the shape of the bones

Dynamic support includes intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot

30
Q

What is ‘Pes Planus?’

A

Flatfoot

Flexible form is more common: the arch is present when not bearing weight but absent when standing

Usually caused by loose or degenerating ligaments

Can result in displacement of the talus inferior-medially

31
Q

What does displacement of the talus lead to?

A

Misalignment of the ankle and knee causing pain in these areas

Decrease shock absorption leading to lower back pain

32
Q

What are the movements at the phalanges?

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

33
Q

Where does flexion and extension of the phalanges occur?

A

Metatarsophalnageal joints

Distal interphalangeal joints

34
Q

Where does abduction and adduction of the phalanges occur?

A

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Control and Movement Term 2 (9 decks)

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