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ms 1 - 2nd shift > Foot and Ankle Anatomy + Common foot conditions > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle Anatomy + Common foot conditions Flashcards

1
Q

number of bones of the foot

A

28 bones (including 2 sesamoid bones)

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2
Q

foot articulations

A

55 articulations (30 synovial joints) interconnected by ligaments and muscles

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3
Q

sustains the greatest load per surface area of any joint of the body

A

The ankle joint

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4
Q

act as stabilizers and adapt during weight bearing activities

A

Joints and ligaments

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5
Q

The foot is subdivided into

A

Rearfoot or Hind foot

Midfoot

Forefoot

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6
Q

Talus and calcaneus

A

Rearfoot or Hind foot

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7
Q

Navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiform

A

Midfoot

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8
Q

14 bones of toes
5 metatarsals
Medial and lateral sesamoid bones

A

Forefoot

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9
Q

Convert the torque of the lower limb

Influence the function and movement of the midfoot and forefoot

Convert the transverse rotations of the lower extremity into sagittal, transverse and frontal plane movements

A

Rearfoot/Hindfoot Functions

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10
Q

Transmits motion from the rearfoot to the forefoot and promotes stability while the forefoot adapts to the terrain, adjusting to uneven surfaces

A

Midfoot/forefoot function

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11
Q

Functions of foot

A

Serve as support for weight of body

Act as lever in raising and propelling the body forward in walking and running

Muscles of leg provide power while heads of metatarsal serve as fulcrum on which weight is lifted

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12
Q

Longitudinal or long arch composed of Medial and Lateral arch

A

Arches of the foot

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13
Q

More obvious/prominent

Calcaneus, talus (keystone), navicular, three cuneiform, and 1st 3 metatarsal bones

Rests on the first metatarsal and calcaneus

A

Medial arch

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14
Q

Calcaneus, cuboid (keystone), 4th and 5th metatarsals

A

Lateral arch

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15
Q

is formed by the 5 metatarsal bones and most prominent at their bases

A

Transverse or metatarsal arch

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16
Q

Known as flat foot

Foot with large plantar contact area due to lowering of longitudinal arch

A

Pes Planus

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17
Q

Classifications of Pes planus

A

Physiologic

Pathologic

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18
Q

Normal longitudinal arch develops by 3-5 years old

Flexible

Present in nearly all infants due to normal joint hypermobility and normal fat pad on the medial foot

Does not cause disability

A

Physiologic Pes Planus

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19
Q

Unknown, + family history

General joint laxity

Residual deformity of a calcaneovalgus foot

A

Etiology of Physiologic Pes planus

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20
Q

Associated findings of Physiologic Pes Planus

A

Valgus heel

Depressed medial arch

21
Q

Treatment of Physiologic Pes Planus

A

No treatment needed

Reassure parents

Shoe modification (arch supports)

22
Q

Hypermobile flat foot
- Associated with contracted tendo-Achilles

Vertical talus

Tarsal coalition

A

Pathologic Pes Planus

23
Q

Flatfoot when standing (weight bearing) and corrected when patient is on tiptoe

Pain which is disabling

Contracture of Achilles Hypermobile midtarsal joint

A

Symptoms of Hypermobile flatfoot with contracted Achilles

23
Q

Tight tendon of Achilles Calcaneus is in equinus while talus is plantarflexed when child stand

Gastrocnemius contracture

A

Hypermobile flatfoot with contracted Achilles

24
Q

Stretch of heel cord

Surgical lengthening of Achilles tendon

A

Treatment of Hypermobile flatfoot with contracted Achilles

25
Q

Most severe and serious

Rigid flatfoot

Plantar aspect is convex
- Like a boat (rocker bottom)

Heel is in valgus

Forefoot abducted

Congenital abnormalities; seen in arthrogryposis

A

Vertical talus

26
Q

Foot is smaller and ipsilateral calf circumference is smaller

Forefoot abducted and dorsiflexed and is not flexible

Sole has rocker bottom appearance

Calcaneus in equinus and valgus, Achilles is tight

A

Symptoms of Vertical talus

27
Q

Surgery

A

Treatment of Vertical talus

28
Q

Union of 2 or more tarsal bones most common is the calcaneus to talus

Most common non neuromuscular cause of pathologic pes planus

During adolescence, coalition starts to ossify and restricts subtalar motion

Can cause pain

A

Tarsal coalition

29
Q

Flat foot

Pain at subtalar joint

Decrease subtalar motion Heel in valgus, forefoot in abduction

Antalgic gait

Contracture of peroneal muscle

A

Symptoms of Tarsal Coalition

30
Q

Immobilize subtalar, orthotic, NSAID

Excision of coalition

A

Treatment of Tarsal Coalition

31
Q

Progressive loss of the longitudinal arch of the foot resulting in a symptomatic foot

A

Adult Acquired Flatfoot

32
Q

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
Arthritis of tarsometatarsal joint
Charcot foot
Talonavicular collapse due to trauma

A

Cause of Adult Acquired Flatfoot

33
Q

Most common cause of Adult Acquired Flatfoot

A

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

34
Q

Classification of Adult acquired flatfoot

A

Classification by Johnson based on clinical findings

35
Q

medial ankle pain and swelling

A

Stage 1

36
Q

medial and lateral ankle pain with pes planus and inability to do single heel rise

A

Stage 2

37
Q

lateral pain with fixed valgus (genu valgum)

Would need arch support

A

Stage 3

38
Q

Pain and swelling

Tenderness along the posterior tibial tendon

Recent onset of pes planus or progression of pes planus

Rigid flat foot in severe cases

Inability to do a single heel rise

A

Symptoms of Adult acquired flat foot

39
Q

Secondary pain of Adult acquired flatfoot

A

Later on there will be pain in the knee

The pressure on the medial side would translate up to the knee.

40
Q

Ankle support, heel wedge, anti-inflammatory medicines and even cast

Steroid injections not recommended
- May cause weakness of the muscle

A

Conservative treatment of adult acquired flatfoot

41
Q

debridement of tendon; fusion

Done if severe. (the way they walk would be different, it would be flat instead of heel strike down)

A

Surgical treatment of adult acquired flat foot

42
Q

High longitudinal arch (high medial and lateral arch)

Pes cavus

A

Claw Foot

43
Q

Associated with clawing of the toes characterized by dorsiflexion of the MTP joints and plantar flexion of the IP

Plantar fascia is contracted

Achilles tendon may or may not be shortened

A

Pes cavus

44
Q

Disorder of the nervous system (neuromuscular problem)
-Peroneal muscle atrophy
-Myelomeningocele
-Spinal dysraphism
-Poliomyelitis

Imbalance of motor power involving the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot

Cellulitis, rheumatoid arthritis, fracture with impaired blood supply, compartment syndrome

A

Causes of Claw foot

45
Q

Fatigue, calluses

Callus formation on toes (because of the shoes) or on plantar aspect of foot

A

Symptoms of Claw foot

46
Q

stretching of plantar fascia & Achilles tendon, arthrosis

A

Conservative treatment of Claw foot

47
Q

fasciotomy, dorsal wedge osteotom

A

Surgical treatment of Claw foot

ms 1 - 2nd shift (13 decks)

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