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Podiatry > Foot anatomy and biomechanics > Flashcards

Foot anatomy and biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anatomical landmarks we need to know?

A

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2
Q

plantar

A

bottom of foot

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3
Q

dorsal

A

top of foot

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4
Q

proximal

A

away from point of reference towards the trunk

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5
Q

distal

A

away from point of reference, towards the toes

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6
Q

tell me more about the fibula…

A

more lateral. peritoneal nerve can cause tingling like a funny bone. dont let a cast hit the fibular head.

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7
Q

Know the landmarks of the anterior and medial foot and ankle

A

green= DP artery

blue = posterior tibila artery

slight bulge on proximal portion of dorsum = navicular

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8
Q

anterior and lateral landmarks?

A

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9
Q

posterior foot and ankle landmarks?

this would be a fair test question: is the medial malleolus higher or lower than the lateral malleolus?

A

The medial malleolus is higher.

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10
Q

Plantar foot landmarks?

A

plantar fascia is the most common condition treated. band of ligments that work up and down.

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11
Q

What is the musculature of the anterior lower limb?

A

patellar ligament inserts into the patellar tuberosity

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12
Q

What is the musculature of the medial leg?

A

popliteal fossa is behind the knee.

gastroc and soleus forms a common tendon down to the achilles.

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13
Q

Posterior Leg musculature?

A

popliteal artery within the fossa.

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14
Q

lateral leg musculature?

A

IT band: fascial band that goes from hip and then become part of the knee capsule.

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15
Q

dorsal foot muscles and tendons

A

extensor digitorium branches

extensor digitorum olongus is in the leg, brevis is in the foot.

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16
Q

posterior heal musculature

A

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17
Q

medial foot and ankle musculature

A

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what are the three body planes?

A

sagittal

frontal

transverse

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20
Q

lateral foot and ankle musculature

A

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21
Q

tell me more about the planes and how they relate to each other?

A

each is perpendicular to the other two

all together they correspond to three dimensions of space

result in dimensions of height, width and depth

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22
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

vertical plane passing through from front to back

divides into right and left halves

mid-sagittal cut divides body into equal/symmetric halves.

23
Q

Tell me about the frontal plane?

A

same as coronal

vertical plane passing through the bodu from side to side

divides body between anterior and posterior faces

divides body into asymmetric halves

24
Q

Transverse plane?

A

horizontal plane through the body from front to back

divides body from upper to lower halves ( superior divided from inferior)

divides body into equal, but asymmetric halves.

only the mid- sagittal cut makes a symmetrical cut.

25
Q

What is the axis of motion and how is it defined?

A

it is always perpendicular to the plane in which the motion takes place

there are three axes of motion ( one vertical and two horizontal)

axis of motion is considered the proximal part while the motion takes place in the distal part. the axis is the line around which motion takes place.

axis of motionis is like a plane- think of a sheet of plexiglass

26
Q

What is the front-sagittal axis?

A

a vertical acis perpendicular to the ground and lies in the frontal and sagittal planes. It creates the axis of transverse place motion. ( the one not mentioned in the name). This is side to side. ( abduction and adduction motions of the foot and leg)

27
Q

Front - transverse axis

A

horizontal axis which passes from side to side and lies in the frontal transverse places. The axis of sagittal place motion. ( sagittal is the one not in the name and is perpendicular to these planes).

motion is taking place around this axis includes dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. flexion and extension of the leg ( up and down- following the sagittal plane)

28
Q

Sagittal transverse axis ?

A

horizontal axis whcih passes from fron to back and lies in the sagittal and transverse planes. In the foot coincides with the longitudinal axis of the foot. The axis of FRONTAL plane motion.

motion: inversion and eversion of the foot as well as abduction and adduction of the leg. ( windmill of leg) and foot sweeping in and out along the sides ( follows frontal plane)

29
Q

adduction of the foot = ?

A

motion in the transverse plane, around a vertical ( frontal -sagittal) axis in which the distal aspect of the foot moves toward the midline of the body.

think of the motion moving along the transverse plane towards the midline

30
Q

what is abduction of the foot =?

A

motion in the transverse plane arounf the vertical ( frontal-sagittal) axis which the distal aspect of the foot moves away from the midline of the body.

31
Q

Dorsiflection of the foot = ?

A

motion in the sagittal plane ( up and down) around a transverse-frontal axis in which the distal aspect of the foot moves dorsally , towards the tibia.

creates a smaller angle between dorsum of foot and tibia ( flexion)

32
Q

plantar flexion of the foot is what?

A

motion of the sagittal plane around a transvere- frontal axis which the distal aspect of the foot moves plantarly, or away from the tibia.

Foot goes dowwards and extends. increased angle between dorsum and tibia

firing of the gastroc and solueus occurs

33
Q

what is inversion of the foot ?

A

motion of the frontal plane around a transverse sagittal axis in whcih the plantar surface of the foot moves towards the midline of the body.

big toe swings towards the midline

frontal plane- think like a windmill

34
Q

what is eversion of the foot?

A

motion in the frontal plane around the transverse sagitall axis in which the plantar surface of the foot moves away from the midline of the body.

just do it with your foot and see how the plantar surface points outwards

35
Q

what are the transverse motions of the leg?

A

internal and extenal rotation ( kinda like adduction and abduction of the foot)

36
Q

what is the frontal plane of motion for the leg?

A

abduction and adduction

think about a wind mill.. bring the whole leg outwards or inwards.

37
Q

what is the sagittal motion of the leg?

A

flexion and extension of the leg

think about leg moving up and down along sagittal plane

this might include walking motions… leg flexing and extending.

38
Q

what are examples of tri-plane motions of the foot?

A

pronation and supination

require all three planes,

components in each plane

of these component motions- none can take place independent of the other two

this is a complex movement

this is an axis of motion that is deviated in those who have flat feet (orthotic or surgery may be required to address the correct plane of motion that is defected)

39
Q

what is the difference between open kinetic chain vs closed kinetic chain?

A

open: motions that occur in joints that DOES NOT bear weight
closed: the body joint that DOES bear weight

maybe still google this

40
Q

What is the fixed structural variation of an adductus foot?

A

facing inwards = pigeon toed

transverse fixation with the distal end displaced toward the midline.

41
Q

What is the fixtured structural abductus of the foot?

A

fixed facing outward

transverse fixation with the distal end displaced away from the midline

( e.g hallux abductus valgus- big toes fixated in abduction)

42
Q

fixed stuctural variation of the foot in varus?

A

fixation in position it would assume if inverted. frontal plane fixation in which the plantar surface is turned toward the midline.

( when looking at the back of the heal, the line is inverted and no longer perpendicular with the foot = varus)

VARUS- plantar side inward

43
Q

what is the fixed variation of the foot in valgus?

A

fixation in everted position.

frontal plane fixation in which plantar surface is turned away from the midline.

44
Q

fixed structural variation - equinas?

A

fixation of upper part of foot or part of foot in the position if plantar flexed. The distal end of the part is further away from the tibia.

spencer mann- always walked on his toes.

45
Q

fixed structural variation - calcaneus?

A

much more rare to have a person walking on their heels.

fixation of the foot or part of the foot in the postion it would assume if dorsiflexed. This causes the dorsal end to be closer to tibia.

could be related to cerebral palsy or neuro dysfunction

46
Q

fixed structural variation- Talipes?

A

refers to hereditary defects which change the position of the entire foot

deformity can be talus, calcaneus or both

e,g, Club foot

hereditary- equnio ( sagittal) and varus ( frontal)

47
Q

Tell me about the ankle joint axis

A

observe alignment: check out the posterior portion of frontal plane … may be slight deviation from transverse plane ( ankle tipping in or out)

observe movement: sagitta- up down = primary, but also transverse- side to side ( secondary)

AXis: tri- plane motion, however most analogous with sagittal motion.

48
Q

Tell me about the subtalar joint axis?

A

deviation from all three planes. TRI_PLANAR

movement: mostly between frontal and transverse, much less of sagittal

often times movement gives way to frontal plane = inversion/ eversion

what’s normal: 42 and 16 degrees…. any furthe than this is a problem.

49
Q

tell me about the midtarsal joint axis?

A

longitudinal axis: ( primary motions for frontal plane)

15 degrees from transverse plane

9 degrees from sagittal plane

oblique: ( equal amounts of motion in all three planes)

52 degrees from the transverse plane

57 degrees from the sagittal plane

hint: this will not be tested on heavily.

50
Q

tell me about the first ray axis?

A

45 degrees from frontal and sagittal planes

first ray dorsiflexes- it inverts

first ray planarflexes - it everts

little to no transverse plane motion

extra: many ppl with hallux abductus valgus have issue with first ray motion.

51
Q

tell me about the gait cycle?

A

cycle: stance phase ( 60%) and the swing phase (40%)

stance phase consists of:

27% contact

40% mistance

33% propulsive ( dorsiflexion to plantar flexion)

52
Q

When evaluating radiographs…

A
  1. identify view
  2. purpose of view
  3. review alignment related to joint axis

understanding/observing the pathology determined the procedure we will do

53
Q
A
54
Q
A

Podiatry (12 decks)

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