Foot

Question 1

What structure is commonly injured in evlusion fractures?

Answer 1

The fifth metatarsal

Question 2

What bone is wedged between the cuneiform bones?

Answer 2

The second metatarsal

Question 3

Which bones of the foot articulate with the leg?

Answer 3

Only the talus

Question 4

List the muscular attachments of the talus

Answer 4

None. It has no muscular attachments

Question 5

List the bones of the hindfoot

Answer 5

Calcaneus and talus

Question 6

List the bones of the midfoot

Answer 6

Navicular, cuboid, the three cuneiforms

Question 7

List the bones of the forefoot

Answer 7

The metatarsals and phalanges

Question 8

Name the tarsals

Answer 8

Lateral, intermediate, and medial Cuneiforms, Navicular, Cuboid, Talus, Calcaneus

Question 9

Which metatarsal is the biggest and why?

Answer 9

First, to bear more weight

Question 10

Which toe is the most stable and why?

Answer 10

The second, because its metatarsal is wedged between cuneiforms

Question 11

Beside acting as a keystone, what does the cuboid bone do?

Answer 11

Serves as a pulley (changes the direction of force) for the fibularis longus muscle

Question 12

List the retinacula of the foot

Answer 12

Flexor retinaculum, Extensor retinacula (superior and inferior), Fibular retinacula (superior and inferior)

Question 13

What might cause tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 13

A pronated (flat) foot or a sudden increase in activity level

Question 14

What serves as the keystone for the lateral arch?

Answer 14

The cuboid bone

Question 15

What is the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 15

Deep fascia that is bound to the skin and superficial fascia of the plantar surface of the foot

Question 16

Where does the plantar aponeurosis originate?

Answer 16

From the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity

Question 17

What structures are formed by the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 17

Superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments

Question 18

What is plantar fasciitis and what are risk factors for it?

Answer 18

Inflammation of plantar fascia caused by overstretching. Risk factors include increase in activity level, pronation during heel off phase, wearing high heels

Question 19

What is contained in the medial compartment of the sole?

Answer 19

Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, medial plantar nerve and vessels

Question 20

What is contained in the central compartment of the sole?

Answer 20

Flexor digitorum brevis, tendon of flexor hallucis longus, tendons of flexor digitorum longus (quadratus plantae, lumbricals), adductor hallucis, lateral plantar nerve and vessels

Question 21

What does the lateral compartment of the sole contain?

Answer 21

Abductor digiti minimi brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 22

What does the first layer of the plantar surface contain?

Answer 22

Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi

Question 23

What is the innervation of structures in the first layer of plantar surface?

Answer 23

Medial plantar nerve (abdutor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis) and Lateral plantar nerve (abductor digiti minimi)

Question 24

Give the origins of muscles of the first layer of the plantar surface

Answer 24

Calcaneus (for all of them)

Question 25

What are the structures of the second layer of the plantar surface?

Answer 25

Quadratus plantae, tendon of flexor hallucis longus, lumbricals

Question 26

Give the origins of the muscles of the second layer of the plantar surface

Answer 26

Calcaneus (quadratus plantae) and Tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus (Lumbricals)

Question 27

Give the insertion of the muscles of the second layer of the plantar surface

Answer 27

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus (Quadratus plantae), Extensor expansion over 2nd to 5th digits (Lumbricals)

Question 28

What is the effect of the quadratus plantae?

Answer 28

Has a Lateral Pull effect on the flexor digitorum longus

Question 29

What are the muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface?

Answer 29

Flexor hallucis brevis (2 portions), adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse heads), flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 30

Give the insertion of the muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface

Answer 30

Proximal phalanx of 1st or 5th digit

Question 31

A sesamoid bone can be found in which tendon of the foot?

Answer 31

Each tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis

Question 32

What structures are in the fourth layer of the plantar surface?

Answer 32

4 dorsal interossei, 3 plantar interossei

Question 33

What do the muscles of the fourth layer of the plantar surface do?

Answer 33

Dorsal interossei abduct toes 2-4 (DAB) and Plantar interossei adduct toes 3-5 (PAD)

Question 34

What innervates muscles of the fourth layer of the plantar surface?

Answer 34

Bridges of the lateral plantar nerve

Question 35

What structure creates a tunnel for the tendon of fibularis longus?

Answer 35

The long plantar ligament

Question 36

What is another name for the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament and what does it do?

Answer 36

Spring ligament. Forms a shelf for the talus

Question 37

What three structures help support the medial foot?

Answer 37

Tibialis anterior tendon, fibularis longus tendon, tibialis posterior tendon

Question 38

What anomaly would be seen if you didnt have a quadratus plantae muscle?

Answer 38

When you flexed your toes they would curve medially

Question 39

The lumbricals of the foot make a similar movement to the lumbricals of the hand. What movement do the hand lumbricals make?

Answer 39

A bye bye movement (waving hand bye bye, flexing MTP and extending IP joints)

Question 40

Are the lateral plantar nerve and artery superficial or deep to the quadratus plantae?

Answer 40

Superficial

Question 41

What structure is used as the axis for determine ABduction versus ADduction in the foot?

Answer 41

The second toe