foot

Question 1

what are the 3 retinacula of the foot

Answer 1

extensor lateral flexor

Question 2

explain the attachments of the superior part of the extensor retinaculum

Answer 2

attaches to the anterior borders of the tibia and fibula

Question 3

explain the attachments of the inferior part of the extensor retinaculum of the foot

Answer 3

extends from the medial malleolus and medial side of plantar aponeurosis to the superolateral calcaenous on the lateral side

Question 4

what acronym is used to remember what structures pass beneath the extensor retinaculum

Answer 4

timothy had a nasty dirty toe

Question 5

what structures pass beneath the lateral retinaculum

Answer 5

fibularis longus and brevis

Question 6

explain the attachments of the superior band of the lateral retinaculum of the foot

Answer 6

extends from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneous

Question 7

explain the attachments of the inferior band of the lateral retinaculum of the foot

Answer 7

attaches to the lateral calcaneous and then blends with the inferior band of the extensor retinaculum

Question 8

explain the attachments of the flexor retinaculum

Answer 8

extends from the medial malleolus to the medial side of calcaneous

Question 9

what acronym is used to remember which structures pass beneath the flexor retinaculum

Answer 9

tom dick and very naughty harry

Question 10

the arches of the foot are held together by…

Answer 10

a combination of bony, ligamentous and muscular factors

Question 11

the arches of the foot means that the standing weight is taken on which parts of the foot

Answer 11

the posterior part of the calcaneus and the metatarsal heads

Question 12

which arches maintain the integrity of the foot

Answer 12

one transverse and 2 longitudinal arches

Question 13

what are the 4 important structures of the dorsum of the foot

Answer 13

extensor digitorum brevis extensor hoods deep fibular nerve dorsalis pedis artery

Question 14

explain what and where the extensor digitorum brevis is located

Answer 14

an intrinsic muscle of the dorsum of the foot that lies underneath the long flexor tendons arising from the top of the lateral aspect of the calcaneous and splits into a tendon for each of the digits

Question 15

where does the extensor digitorum brevis tendons insert into the digits

Answer 15

joins the EDL tendon on its lateral side

Question 16

which tendons contribute to the extensor hoods of the digits

Answer 16

EDL EHL EDB

Question 17

explain the attachments of the extensor hoods

Answer 17

apex inserts into the base of the distal phalan base inserts more proximally centre - attaches to the side of the middle phalanx

Question 18

what are the two branches of the dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 18

arcuate artery deep plantar artery

Question 19

route of the arcuate artery

Answer 19

heads laterally across the dorsum of the foot and gives a series of metatarsal and digital arteries

Question 20

route of the deep plantar artery

Answer 20

dives through the first dorsal interosseous and completes the deep plantar arch

Question 21

how many layers are there beneath the plantar aponeurosis that make up the sole of the foot

Answer 21

4 short, long, short, short

Question 22

what is the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 22

a thickening in the deep fascia in the sole of the foot

Question 23

what are the attachments of the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 23

extends from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity, extends forwards over the sole of the food and dividing into 5 slips and inserts into the bones, ligaments and skin of the toes

Question 24

what are the muscles of layer 1 of the sole of the foot

Answer 24

2 abductors (for big toe and little toe) and one flexor extending for the whole length of the sole of the foot

Question 25

what is the flexor called that is part of layer 1 of the sole of the foot

Answer 25

flexor digitorum brevis

Question 26

where do the abductors of layer 1 of the sole of the foot insert into

Answer 26

the base of the proximal phalanx

Question 27

what muscles make up layer 2 of the foot

Answer 27

tibialis posterior FDL FHL lumbricals associated with FDL flexor accessorius

Question 28

are the lumbricals medial or lateral to the toes

Answer 28

medial

Question 29

what is the function of flexor accessorius

Answer 29

it is an accessory flexor muscle that optimises the function of FDL and straightens the line of pull for it

Question 30

what are the muscles of layer 3 of the sole of the foot

Answer 30

short flexors for little toe and big toe adductor hallicus (these are short muscles)

Question 31

what comprises layer 4 of the sole of the foot

Answer 31

3 plantar interossei (3,4,5) and 3 dorsal interossei (2,3,4)

Question 32

which tnedons are associated with the interossei of the sole of the foot

Answer 32

the insertion of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

Question 33

in between which layers is the neurovascular structures of the foot situated

Answer 33

in between layers 1 and 2 (between the short and long layer)

Question 34

the posterior tibial artery branches into..

Answer 34

medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 35

route of medial plantar artery

Answer 35

continues down the medial border of the sole of the foot

Question 36

route of the lateral plantar artery

Answer 36

swings wide and creates a deep plantar arch on the sole of the foot

Question 37

what two arteries make up the deep plantar arch

Answer 37

lateral plantar artery (branch of post tibial) deep branch of the dorsalis pedis

Question 38

the tibial nerve splits into…

Answer 38

the lateral and medial plantar nerves

Question 39

innervation of the lateral plantar nerve

Answer 39

supplies sensory to the lateral 1.5 finger and motor to almost all of the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot

Question 40

innervation of the medial plantar nerve

Answer 40

supplies sensory to the medial 3.5 digits

Question 41

name the following