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Marine Ecology > Food webs > Flashcards

Food webs Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that get energy from non-living environment to produce organic matter

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2
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use solar energy

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3
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use energy from chemical compounds

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Feed on organic matter produced by autotrophs

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5
Q

Primary producers

A

Autotrophs

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6
Q

Consumers

A

heterotrophs

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7
Q

Food chain

A

transfer of energy among primary producers and consumers

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8
Q

Trophic level

A

each level in the foos chain

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9
Q

Food webs

A

Complex trophic structures that include several primary producers, consumers that eat more than one kind of food, changes in diet with development

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10
Q

How much energy is transferred to one level to the other in the trophic pyramid?

A

10%

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11
Q

What is DOM?

A

Dissolved Organic Matter: waste organic matter dissolved in water

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12
Q

What is the function of decomposers?

A

Decompose DOM or detritus to reintroduce it into the food web

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13
Q

Nutrient regeneration

A

Reintroduction of DOM in food web

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14
Q

What is the succession of species in microbial loop?

A

Phytoplankton, DOM, bacteria, protozoans, zooplankton

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15
Q

What is detritus?

A

Non-living organic matter in solid form (dead organisms, etc.)

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16
Q

What are detritivores?

A

Organisms that feed on DOM or detritus

17
Q

What are types of food webs?

A

Connectedness web
Energy flow web
Functional web

18
Q

Connectedness web

A

Shows feeding relationships among organisms

19
Q

Energy flow web

A

Connections quantified as energy fluxes

20
Q

Functional web

A

Describes influence of a population on the growth of another population

21
Q

Describe estuarine foodweb

A

Detritus-based, few herbivores, birds are very important, surplus of detritus outflows

22
Q

Describe seagrass community foodweb

A

Detritus based

23
Q

Rocky shore community food web

A

Herbivors and predation

24
Q

Describe coral reef community food web

A

Efficient nutrient recycling
Highest fixation of nitrogen
Zooxanthellae and turf algae most important primary producers
Many organisms feed on corals, their eggs or mucus

25
Q

Describe epipelagic food web

A

Complex and long
Efficient energy transfer
Size-structured
Feed on different trophic levels

26
Q

What is hydrotermal vents foodweb characterized by?

A

Chemosynthesis

27
Q

Describe arctic food web

A

Key role of zooplankton

28
Q

Describe antarctic food web

A

Krill has key role

29
Q

What is top-down control?

A

Control of predators in highest trophic level

Increase of these causes a decrease in the next trophic level, and a consequent increase in the trophic level after that

30
Q

What is bottom-up control?

A

Producers regulate food web

Increase of production results in increased productivity for all higher trophic levels

31
Q

What is a trophic cascade?

A

Change in primary producers population or lower trophic level as a result of change in consumers’ population

32
Q

What is a regime shift in trophic cascades?

A

Large scale transition between alternative states in ecosystems

33
Q

What is the most common method to assess food webs?

A

Stable-isotope analysis or, less, gut content analysis

34
Q

What does stable isotope analysis study?

A

Trophic relations and energy flows, trophic levels, source of nutrients

35
Q

What is stable isotope analysis?

A

Composition of a stable isotope is studied in the consumers tissue, and the difference between that and the prey’s tissue, as a result of fractionation, is assessed. Based on the fact that heavier isotopes are conserved during chemical reactions

36
Q

What are problems with stable isotope analysis?

A

Sampling is done extensively

Individuals are sacrificed for studying

37
Q

What does analysis of gut content define?

A

Feeding behaviour
Trophic level
Predator-prey relationship

38
Q

What are problems of analysis of gut content?

A

Intensive work
Different digestion times
Large sample size required

39
Q

What is the aim of lipids and fatty acids assessment?

A

1) they serve as tracers of trophic relations

2) reliable indicators of long-term diet

Marine Ecology (12 decks)

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