Food Animal GI 2 Flashcards
What is te most comon predisposing cause of naturally occurring omasal transport failure?
- Neoplasia
- Peritonitis
- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
- Herniation of the GI tract through a diaphragmatic defect
C. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
What is true of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses?
- There are 10 gamma herpesviruses that are genetically and antigenically related that make up the group of viruses that cause MCF
- Each virus has a reservoir host where infection is typically asymptomatic
- Sheep associated MCF, Ovine herpesvirus type 2, is the primary form observed outside of Africa and primarily affects domestic and wild ruminants.
- OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture
d. OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture
BVDV is known to cause immunosupression and enhance the effect of BHV-1, to mention one example. What is the main mechanism for the immunosupression?
a. Blockage of the MHC-II and downregulation of TLR-5
b. Tropism for antigen presenting cells
c. Direct killing of macrophages
d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)
d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)
Two calves were submitted for necropsy, where one calf was noted to have a small brain, lack of hair growth, and was small. The other had a small cerebellum, cataracts in both eyes, and the mandible was shorter than the maxilla. You suspect the presence of BVDV in the herd. Based on the clinical findings you see here, which of the following best follows your suspicions for when infection occurred?
- Within the first 30 days post-conception
- 60 days post conception
- 137 days post conception
- 240 days post conception
C. 137 days post conception
When does mucosal disease, characterized as the most dramatic of BVDV-associated clinical disease due to severity and characteristics of lesions, occurs?
- Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of NCP BVDV
a. Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
Describe what has to happen for a PI calf to have fatal mucosa disease. Remember the BVDV strains involved and what happens to them
How could you better diagnose a PI calf?
a) Serology - ELISA for infective antibodies
b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample
c. RT-PCR in serum samples
d. RT-PCR in skin samples
b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample
- Post-natal PIs can respond immunologically to heterologous strains of BVDV → PI animals may be seropositive
- Seropositive status cannot be used diagnostically to rule out PI
- Young calves would test negative by virus isolation, microplate virus isolation, and ACE on serum because of inhibition of colostral antibodies
A cow predisposed to hemorrhagic bowel syndrome will most likely be
a. Negative energy balance, 1st lactation
b. Previous DA, Angus cow
c. Elite lactating Holstein cow
d. Lactating Jersey cow, average production
c. Elite lactating Holstein cow
- Lactating dairy cow, ↑ milk production
- ↑ long stem fiber in diet → ↓ in # of cases
Of susceptible species to BVDV, which ones are most closely related phylogenetically to cattle, therefore have the highest potential to be infected?
- New and Old World Camelids
- Small Ruminants
- Pigs
- Deer
b. Small Ruminants
In goats and camelids, what is the main feature of Johne’s disease?
a. profuse watery diarrhea
b. Weight loss
c. Ventral edema
d. Lymphadenopathy
b. Weight loss
Best method to prevent MAP infection
a. Vaccination by the state veterinarian
b. Cull daughter of infected cows
c. Prophylaxis with gallium maltolate to all neonates
d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults
d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults
Colostrum from neg cows, no pooling colostrum, clean teats
What is the most important form of transmission of Johne’s disease?
a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves
b. Ingestion of milk in young calves
c. Transplacental
d. Fomites
a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves
What is true about PIs in BVDV infection?
a. Cytopathic strain, principal reservoir immunocompetent, infected anytime in gestation
b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation
c. Non-cytopathic, risk for mucosal disease, immunocompetent, infected after day 125 of gestation
d. Cytopathic, hemorrhagic syndrome, infected after birth
b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation
What is the most usual portal of entry for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)?
A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)
B. Tonsilar invasion
C. Pentetrating wound
D. Transplacental infection
A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)
Ingestion → M-cells in intestinal epithelium (ileum)
Why are PIs very efficient transmitters of BVDV virus?
a. Longer survival than other animals
b. After death, high viral load is spread in the environment
c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions
d. After birth, placenta is the main source for most adult cattle
c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions
So what is the best form to test a PI?
What is an “Acorn calf”?
Calves born from dams that ingested acorns during 2nd trimester pregnancy–>
Short leg bones, abnormal hoofs, short/long narrow head
Mention the 3 clinical syndromes of BVDV infection and 1 of the most characteristic outcomes for each of them
- ______, outcome ______
- ______, outcome ______
- ______, outcome ______
- Acute (transient) infection, outcome: diarrhea, systemic disease
- Fetal infection, outcome: congenital defects
- Persistent infection, outcome: Mucosal disease (but also normal)
What could happen with C. perfringens type A infection?
a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves
b. Lamb dysentery, enterotoxemia in horses
c. Pigbel, struck
d. Pulpy kidney, lamb dysentery
a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves
What is the best diagnsotic test, if you are concern of Johne’s disease, for a 6 year-old cow with diarrhea, poor body condition and submandibular edema?
a. Intradermal Johnin in whole blood
b. Fecal culture
c. Serum ELISA
d. Tissue culture of mesenteric LNs
c. Serum ELISA
Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15%
Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%
Sp of ELISA → ~ 100%
Camelids–> PCR feces (serology not useful)
What are excitation factors influencing vagal motor discharge from the Gastric Centers of the Medulla causing increased rumen motility and their respective location/Stimulus?
- Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention
- Tension receptors of the abomasum, caused by abomasal distention
- Tension receptors in the medial wall of cranial rumen sac, decreased rumen gas pressure.
- Chemical receptors in the reticulum and rumen caused by increased concentration of undissolved VFAs
a. Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention
