Food and Waterborne Diseases Flashcards
feve
Foodborne and Waterborne diseases involves the…
fecal-oral route
Compare a Bacterial Infection from Bacterial Intoxication
(whats consumed, why is it dangerous, incubation period, s/sx)
Bacterial Infection:
- pathogen consumed in food/water
- pathogens invade and multiply in intestinal lining
- Incubation period: LONG (hours to days)
- S/SX: occur slowly
-> nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, fever
Bacterial Intoxication:
- toxin is consumed in food
- toxins made by pathogen -> toxemia
- Incubation period: SHORT (minutes to hours)
- S/SX: occur quickly
-> nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, usually NO fever
Describe: Staphylococcal Food Intoxication
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Incubation Period, SXS, Treatment, Preventative Measures)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Food poisioning
- CA: Staphylococcus aureus
- Characteristic: Gram POSITIVE bacteria, cocci, clusters, present skin + most surfaces
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Heat-stable enterotoxin (Type-1 exotoxin = Super Ag)
-> Not destroyed by boiling
-> Toxin produced when bacteria incubate in food (temperature abuse)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- Human skin
Mode of Transmission
- Dirty hands with bacteria -> contaminated food -> bacteria make heat-stable enterotoxins (at room temperature)
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Hours
SXS
(acute symptoms)
- FEVER (Type 1 exotoxin = Super Ag)
- Abdominal cramps
- Nausea
- Vomitting
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- x
Treatment
- Oral rehydration (cannot use ABX because ABX kill bacteria, but the problem is the toxin)
Preventative Measures
- Safe food handling
- Proper food temperature/refridgerate food
- Personal hygeine = wash hands
MISC
- x
Describe: Botulism
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Clostridium Botulism Intoxication/Foodborne Botulism
- CA: Clostridium botulinum
- Characteristics: Gram POSITIVE bacteria, bacilli, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Potent, heat-labile neurotoxin (Exotoxin) = Low LD50
- Endospores (dangerous because during germination will become active cell and produce toxin)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- Nervous System
Reservoir
- Contaminated (canned) Food
Mode of Transmission
- Canned food with neurotoxins (anaerobic conditions)
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Toxemia (Ingestion of botulinum exotoxin; targets NS)
- Flaccid Paralysis (nerve damage = no muscle stimulation)
- Respiratory/Cardiac failure (death)
Diagnosis
- Culture body fluid (look for drumstick bacteria = presence endospore)
Treatment
- Respiratory assistance
- Antitoxins
Preventative Measures
- Commercial/proper canning methods
- Treat meats with nitrites (chemicals inhibits germination)
MISC
- Infant Botulism
-> Infant ingests C. botulinum spores = ingestion of honey
-> Weakened muscle tone (floppiness), trouble feeding - Wound Botulism
-> C. botulinum grows in deep puncture wounds (anaerobic condition)
-> Common IV drug users (goes deep into muscle)
Describe: Clostridium difficile - Associated Diarrhea
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: C. diff Colitis
- CA: Clostridium botulinum
- Characteristics: Gram POSITIVE bacteria, bacilli, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Exotoxin
Tissue/Organ Affected
- Colon
Reservoir
- 1° = Humans
- 2° = Contaminated medical equipment
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-contaminated water
- Contaminated medical equipment
Predisposing Factors
- Acquired in health-care settings (HAI)
- Extended use of ABX (destroys NM)
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Colitis: Ulceration/Perforation of intestinal wall
- Bloody/mild diarrhea (dysentery)
Diagnosis
- PCR (look for gene in stools that prod toxin)
Treatment
- Antiprotozoal drug (antiparasitic)
- ABX
Preventative Measures
- Disposable equipment in hospital setting (gowns, gloves, etc)
MISC
- ½ million infections/year
Describe: Salmonellosis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Salmonella Gastroenteritis
- CA: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, bacilli, motile, faculatative anaerobe
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INFECTION
- Multiplies in phagocytes = bacteremia
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
Reservoir
- Contaminated poultry/fruits/vegetables
- Raw eggs
- Pet reptiles (turle, iguanas)
Mode of Transmission
- Contaminated food
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Hours
SXS
- Fever (regular)
- Abdominal cramps
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- PCR (look for DNA of pathogen)
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- ABX
Preventative Measures
- Wash all fruits/veggies
- Avoid consumption raw eggs
- Avoid pet reptiles
MISC
- Chronic carrier: PT can shed bact. in feces for 6 months; still infectious
Describe: Typhoid Fever
(Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- CA: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
- Characteristic: Gram-negative bacteria, bacilli, motile, faculatative anaerobe
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INFECTION
- Multiplies in phagocytes = bacteremia
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
Reservoir
- Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-contaminated water/food
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Weeks
SXS
- PROLONGED, HIGH Fever
- Skin rash/Rose spots
- Ulceration/perforation = Bloody diarrhea/dysentery
- Muscle Aches
- Headaches
- Abdominal cramps
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- Visible SXS: Rose spots
- Pathogen in blood/stool sample
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- ABX
Preventative Measures
- Personal hygiene = washing hands
MISC
- Small % of PT are chronic carriers = shed bacteria in feces
-> Require weeks treatment (ex: Typhoid Mary)
Describe: Shigellosis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Bacilliary Dysentery
- CA: Genus Shigella
-> Several species: S. felxneri, S. boydi, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae (MOST VIRULENT)
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, bacili, fimbriae, facultative anaerobe
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Shiga toxin
- Multiply in epithelial cell
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
Reservoir
- 1° = Water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-contaminated water
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Hours to Weeks
SXS
- Colitis (inflammation of intestines)
- Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
Diagnosis
- PCR (look for genes in stools that produces shiga toxins)
- Based on SXS
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- ABX
Preventative Measures
- Personal hygiene = washing hands
MISC
- Dyesentery = severe nerve damage to intestinal mucosal lining = ulceration = blood mucous diarrhea
Describe: Bacterial Gastroenteritis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Pathogenic E. coli Gastroenteritis/Travelers Diarrhea
- CA: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, bacilli, motile, faculatative anaerobe, coliform bacteria
- WILL NOT LEAD TO DEATH
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Enterotoxin (Exotoxin)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- x
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-contaminated water by coliforms
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS (less severe symtpms than E. coli O157:H7)
- Nausea
- Vomitting
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- x
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- Bismuth-containing preparations (peptobismol)
- OTC antidiarrheal med
Preventative Measures
- Boiling water before consumption
MISC
- Coliform bacteria/Coliforms = E. coli found in GI tract of humans and animals
Describe: Hemorrhagic Colitis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Pathogenic E. coli Hemorrhagic Colitis, Shiga Toxin E. coli
- CA: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain (IS THE E. coli O157:H7)
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, bacilli, motile, fimbriae, facultative anaerobe, coliform bacteria
CAN LEAD TO DEATH
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Shiga toxin (produced by E. coli O157:H7 as a result of Horizontal Gene Transfer)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
Reservoir
- Cattle
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-contaminated food (ground beef)
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Colitis (inflammation of intestines)
- Ulceration/Perforation of intestinal lining = perfuse bloody diarrhea
- Hemolytic Uremia Syndrome (severe kidney damage = death)
Diagnosis
- PCR (look for genes in stools that produce Shiga Toxin)
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- Supportive Care
Preventative Measures
- Routine meat inspection
- Proper cooking temperatures for ground beef (meat)
MISC
- Horizontal Gene Transfer: Shigella (donor cell) donates Shiga Toxin GENE to plasmid of non-pathogenic E. coli (recipeient cell) via conjugation pilus -> E. coli can now produce Shiga Toxins = E. coli O157:H7
- Few to hundreds death annually
E. coli O157:H7 strain is the causasive agent of what disease?
Describe how E. coli O157:H7 became pathogenic
How does it create symptoms of bloody diarrhea?
- Hemorrhagic Colitis
Because pathogenic because of:
- Horizontal Gene Transfer: Shigella (donor cell) donates Shiga toxin gene to plasmid of E. coli (recipient cell) via conjugation pilus -> E. coli now produces Shiga toxin= E. coli O157:H7
Shiga toxins damage intestinal mucosal lining = ulceration = blood enters GI tract = bloody diarrhea
Describe: Cholera
(Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- CA: Vibrio cholerae 01 or 0139 (2 strains)
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, slightly curved, bacilli, polar flagellum, motile
- Common in salty water (/fresh water)
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
- Potent cholera exotoxin = Low LD50
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- 1° = Water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Contaminated water and seafood
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Large volume diarrhea
- “Rice water” stools (chunks of mucosal lining)
- Shock
- Circulatory Collapse
- Organ failure
Diagnosis
- x
Treatment
- Oral rehydration
- Electrolyte replacement
Preventative Measures
- Boil water
MISC
- Endemic to parts of Asia
- Associated with natural disasters
Describe: Brucellosis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Undulant Fever (temp goes up and down)
- CA: Brucella abortus
- Characteristics: Gram-negative bacteria, coccobacilli
- NOT FATAL
Virulence Factors
BACTERIAL INFECTION
- Multiply in phagocytes
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- Livestock
- Wild animals (elk, bison, cow)
Mode of Transmission
- Unpasterurized milk from infected animals
- Contact with infected animals (zoonotic transmission/disease)
Predisposing Factors
- Dairy workers
- Leather makers
- Hunters
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Undulant fever = recurring, high fever
- Chills
- Night sweats
Diagnosis
- x
Treatment
- Prolonged treatment with ABX
Preventative Measures
- Vaccination of livestock/wild animals
- Pasturization of milk products
- Protective clothing
MISC
- Rare in USA
Describe: Hepatitis A
(Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- CA: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) - RNA
- Characteristics: Shed in feces (acute phase), survive on surface (several days), Resists chlorine treatment of water
Virulence Factors
- Multiply in epithelial lining (mucosa) or intestinal tract = viremia
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Spleens
Reservoir
- 1° = Food/water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Contaminated food/water
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Weeks
SXS asymp = children; symp = adults
- Juandice (LIVER; late stage DZ)
- Anorexia
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Fever
- Chills
Diagnosis
- Serology: detection of antiviral antibodies; IgM
Treatment
- Injection of antibodies/immunoglobulins (artificially passive)
Preventative Measures
- Inactive HAV vaccine
MISC
- Not chronic/low mortality
- Life-long immunity after recovery
Describe: Viral Gastroenteritis (common in children)
(AKA/Causasive Agent, Tissue/Organs Affected, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Stomach Flu
- CA: Rotavirus - RNA
Virulence Factors
- x
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- x
Mode of Transmission
- x
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Days
SXS (1 week)
- Low-grade fever
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- Viral antigens in feces
Treatment
- x
Preventative Measures
- Live oral vaccine
MISC
- Prevalent in winter months
- Common daycare centers
Describe: Viral Gastroenteritis (common in adults and children)
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristics, Tissue/Organs Affected, Incubation Period, SXS, Diagnosis, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Stomach Flu
- CA: Norovirus - RNA
- Characteristics: Highly contagious = low ID50
Virulence Factors
- x
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- x
Mode of Transmission
- x
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- Hours
SXS (days)
- Vomitting
- Diarrhea
Diagnosis
- PCR: look for genes (DNA) in stool
Treatment
- x
Preventative Measures
- Handwashing (no vaccine)
MISC
- Prevalent all year long
- Common on cruise-ships/classrooms = outbreaks
Describe: Poliomyelitis
(AKA/Causasive Agent, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Paralytic Polio
- CA: Poliovirus - RNA
Virulence Factors
- Multiply in motor neurons = viremia
Tissue/Organ Affected
- NS: motor neurons
Reservoir
- 1° = Water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-oral route; contaminated water containing virus
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS (mostly asymp)
- Lower-limb paralysis
- Respiratory failure (death)
- Sore throat (initial SXS)
- Nausea (initial SXS)
Diagnosis
- x
Treatment
- x
Preventative Measures
- Salk vaccine: injected; inactivated vaccine
- Sabin vaccine: oral; weak, live vaccine; lifelong immunity
MISC
- NO TREATMENT
- Common in children
- Viremia -> enters CNA -> multiply and destory motor neurons -> muscle wasting -> lower limb paralysis
- 99% decrease in cases from 1988 to 2000
Describe: Giardiasis
(Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, Predisposing Factors, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- CA: Giardia intestinalis
- Characteristics: K. protista, SK. protozoa; flagellated protozoan parasite
Virulence Factors
- Multi-stage lifecycle
-> Dormant Cysts stage (water and feces)
-> Active Trophozoites attached to intestinal wall (humans)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
Reservoir
- 1° = Water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Cyst contaminated water
Predisposing Factors
- Drinking from contaminated river stream
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- PROLONGED Diarrhea
- Hydrogen sulfide gas (egg farts)
- Weight loss
- Cramps
Diagnosis
- Microscopic examination of stool samples (look for cysts)
Treatment
- Antiparasitic drug
- Antiprotozoal drug
Preventative Measures
- Boiling water
MISC
- x
Describe: Amoebiasis
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Preventative Measures, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Amoebic Dysentery
- CA: Entamoeba histolytica
- Characteristics: K. protista, SK. protozoa; protozoan parasite
Virulence Factors
- Multi-stage lifecycle
-> Dormant Cysts stage (water and feces)
-> Active Trophozoites attached to intestinal wall (humans)
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract (intestines)
- Liver
Reservoir
- 1° = Water
- 2° = Humans
Mode of Transmission
- Cyst contaminated water
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Ulceration/Perforation intestinal wall (by trophozoites)
- Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
- Necrotic liver abscess
Diagnosis
- Microscopic examination of trophozoites with ingested RBCs present inside
Treatment
- Antiparasitic drug
- Antiprotozoal drug
Preventative Measures
- Boiling water
MISC
- Deadly if left untreated
Define: Parasitology
What does it focus on studying?
study of parasites
limited to: Parasitic Protozoa, helminths (worms), anthropods
Generally define the Life Cycle of tapeworm infections
Describe the types of reproductions
continuous sequence of morphological changes undergone by an organism; part of reporoduction
Sexual reproduction: occurs in definitive/primary host
Asexual reproduction: occurs in intermediate/secondary host
Describe the area of prevalence of Tapeworm infections.
Where is it endemic to?
What can it become?
world-wide prevelance
endemic to Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe
can become EID
Name the anatomy of a Beef Tapeworm and incude the function of each part
Scolex (head)
- Hooks: attachment
- Suckers: nutrient absorption
Cuticle (outercovering)
- Protection and nutrient absorption
Proglottids (Body segments)
- Highly developed reproductive system (male and female parts)
Describe: (Beef) Tapeworm Infection
(AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristic, Virulence Factors, Tissue/Organs Affected, Reservoir, Mode of Transmission, SXS, Diagnosis, Treatment, Misc.)
AKA/Causasive Agent/Characteristc
- AKA: Taeniasis (if infected with adult tapeworm)/Cysticercosis (if infected with cysticerci larvae by eating eggs)
-> Ophthalmic cysticercosis: larvae lodge in eye
-> Neurocysticercosis: larvar in CNS - if CA: Taenia saginata = Beef tapeworm infection
- Characteristics: Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Platyhelminthes
Virulence Factors
- Multi-stage lifecycle (long, complex)
- Eggs -> oncospheres -> cysticerci larvae -> adult tapeworm
Tissue/Organ Affected
- GI tract
Reservoir
- 1° = Humans (definitive host)
- 2° = Cattle (intermediate host)
Mode of Transmission
- Contaminated/undercooked beef
Predisposing Factors
- x
Incubation Period
- x
SXS
- Lack of appetite
- Abdominal Pain
- Weight Loss
- Fatigue
Diagnosis
- Stool sample - presence of eggs/proglottids (body segment)
Treatment (Prolonged use)
- Antiparasitic drug
- Antihelminthic drug
-> Will kill parasitic worm and eggs
Preventative Measures
- x
MISC
- Beef tapeworm = long and multiple segments
- Weeks to clear infection
- Tapeworm excreted as waste
