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BIO 220 [Exam #2] > Ch. 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Ch. 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Pathology

A

the study of disease; relationship between pathogen and host

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2
Q

Define: Etiology

A

the study of the cause (origin) of a disease; involved in naming of pathogen

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3
Q

Define: Pathogenesis

A

the development of disease (a process)

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4
Q

Define: Infection

A

invasion or colonization (attachment) of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Define: Disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal function

TWO TYPES:
infectious disease: caused by pathogen
non-infectious disease: not cause by pathogen (ex: cancer, diabetes)

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6
Q

Define/know key differences between normal microbiota and transient microbiota

A

Normal microbiota: microbes that are always present in/on the human host; cause no harm if they remain in a certain area

Transient microbiota: microbes that take up temporary residence and remain in the body for only hours to months

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7
Q

Where in/on the human body would you expect to find transient microbiota?

A

skin, because transient microbiota take up temporary residence and skin sheds often

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8
Q

Define: Symbiosis

A

relationship between microbe and the host

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9
Q

What are the “3 types” of symbiosis?
Define them and include examples

A

Commensalism (Normal Microbiota)
- one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (host doesnt benefit)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (human provides home)

Mutalism (Normal Microbiota)
- both organisms benefits
- E. coli (make vit. K)

Parasitism
- one organism benefits at the expense of the other
- Influenza virus

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10
Q

Define/Describe Koch’s: Germ Theory of Disease

A

a specific pathogen is capable of causing a specific infectious disease that is associated with specific symptoms

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11
Q

Define: Kochs Postulates

A

Four criteria designed to establish a causasive relationship between a microbe and a disease

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12
Q

Explain, in correct sequence, all four of Kochs Postulates. What was the objective/purpose of Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. The SAME pathogen must be PRESENT in every case of the disease
  2. The pathogen must be ISOLATED from the DISEASED HOST and GROWN in pure culture
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture MUST CAUSE the disease (and same symptoms) when its inoculated into a HEALTHY HOST (labratory animal)
  4. The pathogen must be ISOLATED from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the ORIGINAL ORGANISM

PURPOSE: to determine the cause of an infectious disease (specific pathogen causes a specific disease)

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13
Q

What are the exceptiosn to Kochs postulates?

A
  • some pathogens can cause severase disease conditions
    -> Streptococcus Pyogens can case Scarlet Fever and Strep Throat
  • some pathogens cause disease only in humans (would need to use human subject instead of lab rats)
  • some microbes cannot grow on artificial media
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14
Q

Define: Symptoms
Include examples

A
  • changes in body function that are felt by a patient (not observed/measured)
  • ex: pain, fatigue

Classifying Infectious Diseases

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15
Q

Define: Signs
Include examples

A
  • changes in a body that CAN be measured or observed
  • ex: temperature, weight, blood pressure

Classifying Infectious Diseases

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16
Q

Define: Syndrome
Include examples

A
  • a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
  • ex: Down syndrome, AIDS

Classifying Infectious Diseases

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17
Q

Define: Communicable Disease
Include examples

A
  • a disease that is spread from one host to another
  • Contagious disease: disease that is easily and rapidly spread
  • ex: chickenpox (airborne)

Classifying Infectious Diseases

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18
Q

Define: Noncommunicable Disease
Include examples

A
  • a disease that is NOT spread from one host to another
  • ex: tetanus; diabetes

Classifying Infectious Diseases

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19
Q

Define: Incidence

A
  • number of people who develop a disease during a specific time period

Occurance of a Disease

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20
Q

Define: Prevalence

A
  • number of people who develop a disease at a certain time, regardless of when it dirst appeared; takes into account both old and new cases
  • indicates how widespread the disease is

Occurance of a Disease

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21
Q

Which one of these terms (incidence or prevalence) refers to a larger time period?

A

prevalence

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22
Q

Define: Sporadic Disease
Include examples

A
  • disease that occurs only occassionaly; randomly
  • ex: Mad Cow Disease (prions)

Occurance of a Disease

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23
Q

Define: Endemic Disease
Include examples

A
  • disease constantly present in a population
  • ex: Malaria (along the equator)

Occurance of a Disease

24
Q

Define: Epidemic Disease (“Outbreak”)
Include examples

A
  • disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time; spreads quickly
  • ex: Influenza

Occurance of a Disease

25
Q

Define: Pandemic Disease
Include examples

A
  • worldwide epidemic; global scale
  • ex: COVID-19; AIDS

Occurance of a Disease

26
Q

Define: Acute Disease
Include examples

A
  • symtoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
  • ex: Influenza

Severity/Duration of a Disease

27
Q

Define: Chronic/Persistant Disease
Include examples

A
  • symptoms develop slowly and last long time
  • ex: TB (tuberculosis)

Severity/Duration of a Disease

28
Q

Define: Subacute Disease

A
  • intermediate between acute and chronic disease

Severity/Duration of a Disease

29
Q

Define: Latent Disease
Include examples

A
  • pathogen is inactive for a time, but then activates and produces symptoms (bc pathogen become dormant/hide in body)
  • ex: Shingles

Severity/Duration of a Disease

30
Q

Define: Herd Immunity

A
  • immunity where entire population is protected
  • accomplished through vaccinations
31
Q

How is Herd Immunity accomplished?
Include examples

A
  • if most of the population gets immunized, then the entire population is protected (include the healthy, non-immunized)
  • ex: chickenpox, measles
32
Q

Define: Local Infection
Include examples

A
  • pathogens are limited to small area of the body; doesn’t spread
  • ex: skin infection

Extent of Host Involvement

33
Q

Define: Systemic (Generalized) Infection

A
  • infection throughout the body (bc pathogen spread through blood stream)

Extent of Host Involvement

34
Q

Which type of infection is worse: Local Infection or Systemic Infection

A

Systemic Infection

35
Q

Define: Sepsis/Septicemia

A

uncontrollable spread of pathogen in the blood = life threatening condition

Type of Systemic Infections

36
Q

What are the different types of Sepsis/Septecemia?
Define them

A

Bacteremia: bacteria in blood
Toxemia: toxins in blood
Viremia: viruses in blood

Types of Systemic Infections

37
Q

Define: Primary Infection
Include examples

A
  • acute infection that causes the inital illness
  • ex: HIV/AIDS (due to HIV virus)

Extent of Host Involvement

38
Q

Define:Secondary Infection
Include examples

A
  • caused by opportunistic pathogens (ex: fungal infection in lung) after a primary infection
  • ex: AIDS-related opportunistic infections = death
39
Q

Define: Predisposing Factors

A

factors that make the body more susceptible to disease

40
Q

Name all the examples of Predisposing Factors and give an example of who/what is more susceptible

A

GAPLIC

- Gender
-> female: ovarian cancer
-> male: prostate cancer
- Age
-> elderly: shingles
- Poor sanitary conditions
-> parasitic worm infections
- Lifestyle
-> intravenous drug users: bacteremia
- Inherited Traits
-> diabetes
-Climate and Weather
-> warm/tropical: malaria

41
Q

Identify on a graph, the 6 stages of disease and be able to describe key evenets occuring during each stage

A

check slide 20 on Ch. 14 for graph

1. Incubation Period
- no signs and symptoms present, but pathogen is growing; interval between inital infection (youre infectious) and first signs and symtoms

2. Prodromal Period
- first appearance of signs and symptoms
- early, mild SXS; short period after incubation

3. Period of Illness
- Most severe signs and symptoms; start producing Ab

4. Peak of Illness
- highest number of microbes present and will lead to either: Period of Decline or Death
-> Ab titer the highest

5. Period of Decline
- Signs and symptoms subside/decrease

6. Period of Convalescence/Recovery
- Body returns to its pre-diseased state
-> Pathogen leaves the body and host feels betters, but is still highly infectious. Host is considered asymptomatic/chronic carrier

42
Q

Define: Reservoirs of Infection

A

continual sources of infection (location of pathogen)

43
Q

Name and Describe the three categories of reservoirs.

A

Human Reservoir
- sick people or “carriers” that have no signs or SXS

Animal Reservoir
- Zoonoses: ability to transmit pathogen from animal to huamns (zoonotic transmission)
-> ex: Bird Flu

Non-living Reservoir
- contaminanted inanimate (nonliving) objects
-> ex: contaminated soil, air, water, food

44
Q

Define: Transmission of Disease

A

pathogens from reservoirs of infection can be transmitted to a susceptible host

45
Q

List the 3 principle routes of disease transmission

A

Contact Transmission
Vehicle Transmission
Vector Transmission

46
Q

Name and describe the different types of Contact Transmission

A

Direct Contact Transmission
- requires touching between infected person and suceptible host
-> ex: shaking hands

Indirect Contact Transmission
- spreads to host by contaminated non-living objectes, called fomite
-> ex: contaminated doorknob, utensils

Droplet Transmission
- transmission via airborn droplets LESS than 1 meter

47
Q

Define: Vehicle Transmission

Name and describe the dirrerent types of vehicle transmissions

A

Vehicle Transmission: transmission by contaminated inanimate reservoir

-> Airborne
- transmission via airborne droplets MORE than 1 meter

-> Waterborne
-> Foodborne

48
Q

Define: Vector Transmission
(ex: How is it accomplished)

Name and describe the different types of vector transmission

A

Vector Transmission: accomplished by arthropods (living animal)
-> ex: fleas, ticks, mosquitos (have pathogen in/on them)

Arthropods transmit disease by two general methods:
Mechanical Vector Transmission
- arthropod vector carries pathogen outside (on) its body
- called “passive transport” of pathogen
-> ex: pathogen on foot of fly

Biological Vector Transmission
- athropod vector varries pathogen inside (in) its body
- called “active transport” of pathogen
-> pathogen transmitted via bites

49
Q

What is a HAI?

A

Heathcare-Associated Infections
- an infection acquired in the hospital/clinic cenvironment
-> affects 1in 25 hospital patients
-> 1.7 million/year infected; 99,000+ deaths

50
Q

List the 3 major common causes of HAIs

A
  • improperly cleaned healthcare setings
  • weakened immune status of host
  • trasmission of pathogens
51
Q

What is the major site of HIAs in the human body? What are some other common HAIs?

A

Contaminated equipment

  • Surgical-site infections (22%)
  • Pneumonia (LRT infection; 22%)
  • C. Difficile infections (Gastrointestinatl infection, 17%)
52
Q

Name the bacterium responsible for the greatest percentage of infections involving HAIs

A

Surgical Related Bacteria

  • Staphylococcus Aureus (16%)
  • Clostridium Difficile (15%)
53
Q

Define: Epidemiology

A

the study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations (studying population affected by DZ)

54
Q

What is the purpose of the CDC?

A

CDC = Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- collected and analyzed epidemiological information in the US

55
Q

Compare and Contraste Morbidity and Mortality

A

Morbitidy: number of people/incidence of a notifiable disease (number of sick people)
Mortality: number of deaths from notifiable diseases

56
Q

What is a Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease?
List 3 STD examples that are nationally notifiable diseases

A

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease
- disease where physicians are required, by law, to report occurance to CDC
-> Includes any STD
-» HIV infection
-» Gonorrhea
-» Syphillis

57
Q

Define: Compromised Host

A

a host with a weakened immune system

BIO 220 [Exam #2] (6 decks)

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