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BIO 220 [Exam #2] > Ch. 16 - Innate Immunity: Non-Specific Defenses of The Host > Flashcards

Ch. 16 - Innate Immunity: Non-Specific Defenses of The Host Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: immune system

A

protects the human host

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2
Q

Define: immunity

A

ability to fight-off pathogens and prevent disease

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3
Q

Define: Resistance

A

host having immunity (no DZ)

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4
Q

Define: Susceptibility

A

host lacking immunity (yes DZ)

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5
Q

Define: Host Defense

A

ability of host to remove pathogen(s) in order to prevent disease

if host defenses are successful = host has immunity/resistance = no DZ

if host defenses are not successful = host is susceptible = DZ

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6
Q

having host defense = having ___________ = having ____________

A

having host defense = having immunity= having resistance

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7
Q

Name and GENERALLY describe the two types of host defenses/immunity

(Description and what they are AKA)

A

Innate Immunity
- immunity or resistance to any pathogen; gets rid of all pathogens
- AKA non-specific immunity (bc immunity doesn’t discriminate and will get rid of every pathogen; not picky)

Adaptive Immunity
- immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen (ex: only rid of fungi/only rid of gram - bacteria)
- AKA specific immunity (immunity discriminated and gets rid of selected pathogens; picky)

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8
Q

In detail, describe Innate Immunity (type of host defense)

AKA, presense, recognition, memory response, immune response, composition

A

Innate Immunity:
- AKA “Non-specific” Defenses of the Host (immunity)
- Host defenses present at birth
- No immunological memory response (bc never seen pathogen before; 1st encounter)
- Rapid immune response
- Composed of 1st and 2nd Lines of Host Defense

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9
Q

What type of host defense do newborns immediatley have? What is the purpose of this?

A

Innate Immunity because when babies are born, they are exposed to many new pathogens and need to be able to quickly fight off and kill those pathogens to survive and adapt.
Without this, many babies would die.

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10
Q

In detail, describe Adaptive Immunity (type of host defense)

AKA, presense, recognition, memory, immune response, composition

A

Adaptive Immunity
- AKA “Specific” Defenses of the Host (immunity)
- Host defenses develop later to handle a speciifc microbe
- Specific recognition and response to specific microbe
- Has immunological memory (have seen same pathogen in the past)
- Slower immune response (than innate immunity)
- Composed of 3rd Line of Host Defenses

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11
Q

What consists of the 1st line of defense?
Is the 1st line of defense a part of Innate Immunity or Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • physical barriers
  • chemical barriers
  • biological barriers

Innate Immunity

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12
Q

What consists of the 2nd line of defense?
Is the 2nd line of defense a part of Innate Immunity or Adaptive Immunity?

A

FFIPA

  • Formed elements
  • Fever
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antimicrobial substances

Innate Immunity

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13
Q

What consists of the 3rd line of defense?
Is the 3rd line of defense a part of Innate Immunity or Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-Mediated immunity

Adaptive Immunity

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14
Q

Name the examples of physical barriers

A

MILCS

  • Mucous membranes
  • Intact skin
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Ciliary escalator
  • Saliva, urine, and vaginal secretions
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15
Q

Describe this example of physical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Intact Skin

A

Intact Skin
- Multiple layered, closely packed epithelial cells
- Keratin protein on top layer reinforces the skin
- Dry = pathogens require moisture
- Shedding of top layer = pathogens fall off

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16
Q

Describe this example of physical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Mucous Membranes

A

Mucous Membranes
- epithelial layer that lines gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
- secrete viscous fluid, called mucus = traps and rids of pathogen

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17
Q

Describe this example of physical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Ciliary Escalator

A

Cilary Escalator
- epithelial cells of lower respiratory tract (airways) contain cilia
- cilia move together and sweep the mucus up (in one direction), towards the throat and out of the body = rid of pathogen

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18
Q

Describe this example of physical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Lacrimal Apparatus
- protects eye
- tears = flushing mechanism/washing action = rid of pathogens

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19
Q

Describe this example of physical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Saliva, Urinary, and Vaginal secretions

A

Saliva, Urinary, and Vaginal Secretions
- flushing mechanism
- washied away pathogens from mouth, urethra, or vagina

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20
Q

Name the examples of chemical barriers

A
  • Chemical Factors of the skin
  • Lysozymes
  • Gastric juices
  • Blood transferrins
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21
Q

Describe this example of chemical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Chemical factors in and on the skin

A

Chemical Factors In and On the Skin
- pH: slightly acidic = bact. don’t like acidity enviornment
- Salinity (most bact. NOT halophiles; hypetonicity of skin will cause pathogen cell to shrink)
- Sebum (waxy lipid) = lowers pH of skin

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22
Q

Describe this example of chemical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Lysozymes

A

Lysozymes
- Enzymes found in body secretions (sweat, tears, saliva)
- Break chemical bonds in peptidoglycan (in cw) = destroy bacterial cell wall

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23
Q

Describe this example of chemical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Gastric Juices

A

Gastric Juices
- produced by stomach
- contiains enzymes and acid
-> HCl = destroy bacteria

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24
Q

Describe this example of chemical barriers (ex: description and how it functions as the first line of defense against pathogens): Blood transferrins

A

Blood transferrins
- are proteins (made by humans) that circulate in blood and bind to iron = remove iron
- Iron is micronutrient that is necessary for bacterial growth
-> Blood transferrins in blood = bind to iron = no more iron = no more bacterial growth

25
Q

Name the example of Biological Barriers

A

Normal Microbiota
-> commensal microbes and beneficial microbes (types of NM)
-> competitive exclusion

26
Q

Compare Commensal Microbes to Beneficial Microbes
(description and examples)

A

Commensal Microbes
- one organism benefits while the other organism (host) is unaffected (no benefit to host)
- ex: microbes on skin and in gastrointestinal tract

Beneficial Microbes
- microbes provide something to the host
- ex: vitamin K by E. coli in gastrointestinal tract (helps w blood clotting)

27
Q

Describe Opportunistic Microbes

A

Opportunistic Microbes = NOT NORMAL MICROBIOTA❗
- microbes that act as pathogens under certain circumstances -> bc they were removed from their normal microbiota
-> Ex: E. coli introduced into urethra = DZ

28
Q

Describe Competitive Exclusion of normal microbiota
(AKA, desccription)

A

Competitive Exclusion
- AKA “microbial competition”
- Normal microbiota complete with pathogens (invading microbes), leading to a decreased population of pathogenic bacteria (NM outcompete invading pathogens)

29
Q

How do normal microbiota defeat/outcompete invading pathogenic bacteria?

A
  • NM multiply and take up all the space for growth (no more growth of pathgens)
  • take up all the nutrients
  • produce substance harmful to invading pathogens
30
Q

Describe this example of the 2nd line of Host Defense (ex: description, examples): Formed Elements in Blood

A

Formed Elements
- cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma
-> Erythrocyte (cell): contain Hb that binds to O2 and CO2
-> Leukocyte (cell): involved in immune response
-> Thrombocyte (cell fragment): inv blood clotting upon injury
- created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis

31
Q

Why is a thrombocyte not a cell?

A

Thombocytes are piecees/cell fragments from the megakaryocyte cell

32
Q

What families can Leukocytes divide into?
Name everything that is contained within each family

A

Granulocytes (BEN)
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophiles

Agranulocytes
- Monocytes/Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
-> B Lymphocytes (Adaptive Immunity)
-> T Lymphocytes (Adaptive Immunity)
-> NK cells

33
Q

Define: Granulocytes

A

leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope

34
Q

Describe the function of Basophils
What family are they from?

A

release histamine (granule that leads to allergy symptoms); inv in allergic response

Granulocyte

35
Q

Describe the function of Eosinophils
What family are they from?

A

produces toxins against parasites and worms

Granulocyte

36
Q

Describe the function of Neutrophils
What family are they from?

A

phagocytic; work in early stages of infection (first to appear at site of infection; first responder)

37
Q

Joshua has just been admitted into the hospital due to illness. A blood sample is taken from him and the phlebotomist notes that he has a very high neutrophil count. What can be said about his infection? (Is it an early infection or late infection, and why?)

A

Early infection because neutrophils are first responders and work in the early stages of infection, therefore, high neutrophil count indicates that it is a early/recent infection.

If it were a low neutrophil count, it would indicate that it is a late infection.

38
Q

Define: Agranulocytes

A

leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope

39
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?
What family are they from?

A

travel in blood and will mature into macrophages in tissues where they become phagocytic cells

Agranulocyte

40
Q

T/F: Monocytes are phagocytes that are found in tissue

A

False, monocytes are found in blood and they mature into macrophages that are capable of phagocytosis in tissue

41
Q

Know the abundance of trends of leukocytes

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophil (most common)
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil (least common)

42
Q

Provide three examples of phagocytes. Which phaogcyte appears first during an infection?

A

Neutrophils - appeats first during infection
Macrophages
Dendritic cells (in skin cells)

43
Q

Define Phagocytosis and Phagocyte

A

Phagocytosis: ingestion of microbes/substance by phagocyte

Phagocyte: non-specific host cell (innate) capable of phagocytosis
-> Ex: Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cells

44
Q

Describe the phases of Phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis
- release of chemical signals (cytokines) by pathogen -> attracts phagocyte

Adherance
- attachement of phagocyte to surface of the pathogen

Ingestion
- endocytosis of pathogen forms a phagosome (vesicle with pathogen inside)
- phagosome merges with lysosome (contains digestive enzymes) and forms a phagolysosome inside the phagocyte

Digestion
- pathogen is digested inside the phagolysosome (bc of digestive enzymes of lysosome)

45
Q

Differentiation between phagosome and phagolysosome

A

Phagosome = vescicle inside phagocyte containing pathogen
Phagolysosome = phagosome + lysosome

46
Q

What are three ways that microbes can evade phagocytosis.
Provide speicifc examples of microbes

A

Capsule
- pathogen too big to be englufed
-> ex: streptococcus pneumoniae (has largest capsule)

Leukocidins
- pore-forming toxin capable of killing phagocytes
-> Genus Staphylococcus

Mycolic Acid
- waxy lipid that inhbits lysosome digestive enzymes of phagocyte (bacteria do NOT get ingested)
- bacteria multiply inside phagocyte and hide from immune system
-> Genus Mycobacterium

47
Q

Inflammation is due to _______ and __________.

A

injury (bc pathogen)
infection

48
Q

What is the general goal of inflamation?

A

get rid of pathogen first, then tissue can heal

49
Q

Name the signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Pain
- due to release of certain chemicals (cytokines, that damage nerve endings of sensory nerves) by leukocytes

Redness/Erythema (KNOW SCIENTIFIC TERM)
- blood (caryring neutrophil and monocyte) goes to affected areas

Immobility
- loss of fxn in severe inflammation

Swelling/Edema (KNOW SCIENTIFIC TERM)
- due to accumulation of fluids

Heat
- increase BF to affected area

50
Q

Describe the process of Inflammation

A
  1. Tissue or cells get damaged/infected
  2. Damanged cells release cytokines (chemicals)
  3. Cytokines promote chemotaxis of phagocyte
  4. Phagocytes squeeze through blood vessel and move to site of tissue injury
  5. Phagocytosis of invading pathogens begin
  6. Tissue gets repaired
51
Q

Describe the process of a Fever

Define and know the correct order/sequence of chills, fever, and crisis

A
  1. Toxins are released by bacteria, which induces cytokine release from phaogcytes
  2. Cytokines bind to hypothalamus receptors and increase the set point for body temperature
  3. The “new” set point now make the person feel cold (chills) and person increase their body temperature
  4. Once “new” set point is reached, person experiences abnormally high body temperature (fever)
  5. As pathogens are eliminated, toxins and cytokines get eliminates
  6. Body thermostat is reset -> body temp falls -> decline of fever is called crisis
52
Q

What are the outcomes/consequneces of a Fever

A

Enhances immune response
- promote activity of phagocytes

Increases metabolic rate
- ex: catabolism promotes cellular respiration -> ATP production

Induces antimicrobial substances
- released by certain cells

53
Q

Name two “examples” of Anitmicrobial Substances

A

Complement System
Interferons

54
Q

Describe the Complement System
(What is it? What does it act as?)

A

Serum proteins (complement proteins) that enhances the immune system in destroying pathogens

Complement proteins act in a cascade manner in a process called complement activation (complement proteins must first be activiated; can exist in active/inactive form)

55
Q

What are the three outcomes of Complement Activation

A

Opsonization
- complement proteins coat surface of pathogen
- promotes attract/attachment of phagocyte to pathogen

Inflammation
- complement proteins bind to mast cells (leukocyte)
- mast cells release histamine -> increases BV permeability (leaky; phagocytes able to squeeze to site of injury)
- Chemotactic attraction of phagocytes

Cytolysis
- complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC)
- MAC creates a hole/channel in pathogens cell wall/membrane -> fluid enters the pathogen -> pathogen bursts

56
Q

What are the three ways microbes can evade the complement system?

A

Capsule Production
- Complement proteins cannot bind easily

Inhibition of MAC formation
- enzymes from bacteria prevent MAC assembly

Inactivation/destruction of complement proteins
- bacteria produces protease (enzyme) that destroys proteins, like complement proteins

57
Q

Describe Interferons
(What are they and what do they do?)

A

small proteins produced by some animal host cells upon animal viral infection

antiviral action where IFNs alert unaffected neighboring animal cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses (warns them about possible viral infection)

58
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Interferons

A
  1. Animal virus enters animal host cell and multiplies
  2. Animal host cell produces IFNs (serve as signal to uninfected neighboring animal cell for potential viral infection)
  3. IFNs released by infected animal host cell -> bind to cell membrane of uninfected neighboring animal cell -> makes anti-viral proteins (AVPs)
  4. Newly released viruses that infect enighboring animal cells has AVPs waiting to destroy virus
59
Q

Are formed elements a part of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, or both?

A

Both, because formed elements include leuckocytes which contains lymphocytes that have B and T cells that function in adaptive immunity.

BIO 220 [Exam #2] (6 decks)

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