FoN Exam 1 (deck 1)

Question 1

What are the key beliefs of Florence Nightingale’s curriculum?

Answer 1

• Nutrition is important for nursing care
• Fresh, clean air benefits the sick
• Nurses should identify and meet patients’ needs
• Nursing focuses on health and illness
• Nursing is distinct from medicine and should be taught by nurses
• Continuing education is necessary for nurses

These beliefs remain relevant to nursing today.

Question 2

Why is nursing considered both an art and a science?

Answer 2

Nursing initially involved skilled, intuitive care, which evolved to include a scientific basis, allowing nurses to choose effective interventions for patient outcomes.

The common goals of nursing include promoting wellness, preventing illness, facilitating coping, and restoring health.

Question 3

Define evidence-based practice in nursing.

Answer 3

Nursing care that uses the best research evidence combined with clinical expertise and patient values.

It is grounded in professional nursing expertise, research evidence, and patient preferences.

Question 4

What role did Dorothea Dix play during the Civil War?

Answer 4

She organized women volunteers to provide nursing care for soldiers.

This effort was crucial in addressing the lack of nursing care during the war.

Question 5

What is the typical duration of a CNA program?

Answer 5

6 to 8 weeks.

The program focuses on basic personal care and nursing skills.

Question 6

What are the components of the nursing education ladder?

Answer 6

• CNA
• LPN/LVN
• ADN
• RN/BSN
• Advanced Practice Nursing (e.g., MSN, NP, PhD)

The registered nursing program requires 2 to 5 years of education.

Question 7

What are some practice settings where LPNs/LVNs may find employment?

Answer 7

• Hospitals
• Subacute and extended-care facilities
• Medical offices
• Home health agencies
• Correctional facilities

Other settings include ambulatory clinics and hospice care.

Question 8

How do HMOs and PPOs differ?

Answer 8

HMOs provide a limited network of providers and require referrals for specialist care; PPOs offer a broader network and allow more provider choice without referrals.

HMOs aim to keep patients healthy and out of the hospital; PPOs help keep premium rates lower.

Question 9

What is the nursing process?

Answer 9

An organized, deliberate, systematic way to deliver nursing care, combining the science and art of nursing.

It focuses on the patient as an individual.

Question 10

What are the levels of health care?

Answer 10

• Preventive: education and prevention
• Primary: early detection and routine care
• Secondary: emergency treatment and critical care
• Tertiary: highly technical services
• Restorative: follow-up care and rehabilitation
• Continuing care: long-term and hospice care

Each level addresses different aspects of health care needs.

Question 11

How is health defined by the World Health Organization?

Answer 11

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

This definition emphasizes a holistic view of health.

Question 12

What are the components of holistic health care?

Answer 12

• Biological needs
• Psychological needs
• Sociological needs
• Spiritual needs

The holistic approach considers each person as an integrated whole.

Question 13

What are the four areas of human needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy?

Answer 13

• Physiological needs
• Security and belonging
• Self-esteem and love
• Self-actualization

Each level of need influences personal well-being and fulfillment.

Question 14

What is homeostasis?

Answer 14

The tendency of biological systems to maintain a stable internal environment.

It involves adjustments by the CNS, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system.

Question 15

What are the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 15

• Alarm stage
• Stage of resistance
• Stage of exhaustion

These stages occur in response to long-term exposure to stress.

Question 16

What is primary prevention in health care?

Answer 16

Actions taken to avoid or delay the occurrence of disease or disorder.

Examples include vaccination and health education.

Question 17

What legal requirements govern nursing practice?

Answer 17

The Nurse Practice Act defines the scope of nursing practice and is regulated by the state’s board of nursing.

Student nurses are held to the same standards as licensed nurses.

Question 18

What are the consequences of violating the Nurse Practice Act?

Answer 18

Disciplinary actions by state boards of nursing, including investigations and hearings.

Violations can result in loss of nursing license or other penalties.

Question 19

What is the definition of nursing?

Answer 19

The definition of nursing encompasses the roles and responsibilities of nurses in providing care to patients.

Question 20

What are LPN and LVN?

Answer 20

LPN stands for Licensed Practical Nurse, and LVN stands for Licensed Vocational Nurse. Both are entry-level nursing positions.

Question 21

What is the responsibility of student nurses?

Answer 21

Student nurses are held to the same standards as a licensed nurse and are legally responsible for their own actions.

Question 22

What are the consequences of violating the Nurse Practice Act?

Answer 22

Consequences include investigation, hearing, and possible penalties such as suspension or loss of licensure.

Question 23

What are common charges brought against nurses?

Answer 23

Common charges include substance abuse, incompetence, and negligence.

Question 24

What is negligence in nursing?

Answer 24

Negligence is failing to meet the standard of care expected in nursing practice.

Question 25

What is malpractice?

Answer 25

Malpractice is negligence by a professional person, failing to act according to professional standards.

Question 26

What is the difference between ethics and laws in nursing?

Answer 26

Ethics are voluntary rules of conduct based on moral agreement, while laws are mandatory regulations.

Question 27

What does OSHA stand for?

Answer 27

OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Question 28

What is the purpose of documentation in nursing?

Answer 28

Documentation serves as a communication tool, maintains a patient record, acts as a legal record, and provides quality assurance.

Question 29

What is the nursing process?

Answer 29

The nursing process is a systematic method used to identify patient problems and meet their needs.

Question 30

What are the components of the nursing process?

Answer 30

The five components are assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Question 31

What is critical thinking in nursing?

Answer 31

Critical thinking is the careful judgment required to use the nursing process effectively.

Question 32

What is the Clinical Judgment Model?

Answer 32

The Clinical Judgment Model expands on the nursing process, emphasizing the need to include context in patient care.

Question 33

What are the steps of the problem-solving process?

Answer 33

* Define the problem clearly * Consider alternative solutions * Consider possible outcomes * Predict likelihood of outcomes * Choose the best alternative

Question 34

What are high priority nursing diagnoses?

Answer 34

High priority diagnoses are life-threatening problems that require immediate attention.

Question 35

What is the difference between objective and subjective data?

Answer 35

Objective data can be verified through examination, while subjective data is reported by the patient.

Question 36

What is a tort in nursing?

Answer 36

A tort is a violation of civil law, punishable by fines or imprisonment.

Question 37

What is the role of a mandated reporter?

Answer 37

A mandated reporter is required by law to report suspected cases of abuse or neglect.

Question 38

What is the purpose of patient assessment?

Answer 38

The purpose of assessment is to collect and document patient health data.

Question 39

What are modifiable and non-modifiable factors in health?

Answer 39

* Modifiable factors: weight, smoking, diet * Non-modifiable factors: race, gender

Question 40

What is the significance of maintaining confidentiality in nursing?

Answer 40

Maintaining confidentiality protects patient privacy and complies with HIPAA regulations.

Question 41

What is the focus of problem-oriented medical record (POMR) charting?

Answer 41

POMR charting focuses on patient status rather than on medical or nursing care.

Question 42

What does the acronym DAR stand for in focus charting?

Answer 42

DAR stands for Data, Action, Response.

Question 43

What is the purpose of incident reports in nursing?

Answer 43

Incident reports document occurrences that are out of the ordinary and detail facts about the incident.

Question 44

How should errors in medical records be corrected?

Answer 44

Errors should be corrected by following approved protocols for documentation.

Question 45

What is the role of continuing education for licensed nurses?

Answer 45

Continuing education is required to maintain competence and improve practice.

Question 46

What are short-term goals in nursing intervention?

Answer 46

Achievable within 7 to 10 days or before discharge.

Question 47

What are long-term goals in nursing intervention?

Answer 47

Take many weeks or months to achieve, often relate to rehabilitation.

Question 48

What is an expected outcome in nursing care?

Answer 48

Statement of goal patient is to achieve as a result of nursing intervention.

Question 49

Define modifiable factors in health.

Answer 49

Factors that can be changed such as weight, smoking, diet.

Question 50

Define non-modifiable factors in health.

Answer 50

Factors that cannot be changed such as race, gender.

Question 51

What should be considered when setting priorities for patient care?

Answer 51

Patient needs, visitor schedules, diagnostic tests, primary care provider visits, medication administration schedules.

Question 52

What is the first step in implementing a nursing care plan?

Answer 52

Observing, recording, and reporting significant changes which require intervention or different goals.

Question 53

What does the implementation of a nursing care plan include?

Answer 53

Applying nursing knowledge and skills, assisting with daily living activities, carrying out prescribed regimens.

Question 54

What is the first step at the beginning of a nursing procedure?

Answer 54

Perform the task according to protocol.

Question 55

What should be done before starting a nursing procedure?

Answer 55

Check the order, collect equipment, and perform hand hygiene.

Question 56

What are the two identifiers used to verify a patient's identity?

Answer 56

Armband and asking the birth date.

Question 57

What safety precautions should be taken during a procedure?

Answer 57

Provide privacy and institute safety precautions, check equipment for breaks or wear.

Question 58

What should be done at the end of a nursing procedure regarding protective equipment?

Answer 58

Remove gloves and other protective equipment after ensuring the patient is clean and dry.

Question 59

What is the last step of a nursing procedure?

Answer 59

Record and report the procedure.

Question 60

What does the evaluation of nursing care measure?

Answer 60

Progress toward the stated goals.

Question 61

What factors are included in the evaluation of nursing care?

Answer 61

Relevancy of goals, involvement of care recipients, quality of nursing actions, re-ordering of priorities.

Question 62

How should expected outcomes be evaluated?

Answer 62

Determine effectiveness of interventions, compare actual outcomes to expected outcomes.

Question 63

What is the purpose of quality improvement in nursing care?

Answer 63

To achieve quality improvement by identifying areas that need changes.

Question 64

What is outcome-based quality improvement?

Answer 64

A program aimed at improving nursing practice through agency-wide goals and compliance evaluation.