A&P Quiz 3 Flashcards
What are the seven functions of the skin?
- Acts as a mechanical and chemical barrier
- Protects internal structures and organs
- Participates in the immune response
- Performs an excretory function
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- Acts as a sensory organ
- Regulates body temperature
What are the two layers of skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
What is the composition of the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue (avascular) with several layers
What is the stratum corneum?
The uppermost layer of the epidermis, highly keratinized and constantly shedding
What is the role of the stratum germinativum?
It produces new epithelial cells and is where cell division occurs
What is the dermis composed of?
Dense connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity
What are the accessory structures found in the dermis?
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous glands
- Sudoriferous glands
- Sensory receptors
- Blood vessels
- Arrector pili muscle
What is the hypodermis?
The subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis composed of loose connective and adipose tissue
What factors influence skin color?
- Genes
- Physiology
- Pathology
What pigment is primarily responsible for dark skin color?
Melanin
What are the physiological changes that can affect skin color?
- Blushing/Flushed
- Pallor
What is the definition of thermoregulation?
Balance of heat production and heat loss
What is the core temperature?
The inner parts of the body, measured rectally
What is the primary function of the eccrine glands?
Critical for temperature regulation through sweat secretion
What is the difference between insensible and sensible perspiration?
- Sensible perspiration: Active secretion of sweat on hot days
- Insensible perspiration: Small amount of sweat secreted without awareness
What is a first-degree burn?
A burn that is red, painful, and slightly swollen, involving only the epidermis
What is the ‘Rule of Nines’ used for?
To evaluate the extent of burn injuries by dividing total body surface area into regions
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Supports body weight
- Protects soft organs
- Enables movement with muscles
- Stores minerals (calcium, phosphorus)
- Regulates plasma calcium
- Produces blood cells
What are the classifications of bones by shape?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
What is compact bone?
Dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones
What is spongy bone?
Less dense bone located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The long shaft composed primarily of compact bone
What is the epiphysis?
The enlarged ends of a long bone that articulate with a second bone at a joint
What is the role of osteoblasts?
Cells that build new bone tissue
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Cells that break down bone matrix
What is ossification?
The process of bone formation where bone tissue replaces cartilage
What is the process whereby osteoclasts break down bone matrix called?
Bone resorption
Bone resorption is distinct from reabsorption.
What are the two types of bone growth during maturation from infancy to adulthood?
- Longitudinal growth
- Appositional growth
What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?
Osteoblasts deposit bone on the external bone surface.
How does exercise affect bone growth?
Exercise and weight-bearing activities make bones grow thicker and wider.
What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts hollow bone and facilitate bone resorption.
List the bones of the axial skeleton.
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic cage
What are the main components of the skull?
- Cranium
- Facial bones
- Middle ear bones
How many bones are in the cranium?
Eight bones
What are the names of the facial bones?
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Palatine bones
- Zygomatic bones
What is the vertebral column also known as?
Backbone
List the bones of the appendicular skeleton.
- Pelvic girdle
- Upper extremities
- Lower limbs
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
- Scapulae
- Clavicles
What is the acetabulum?
A depression formed of ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.
What are the three main types of joints?
- Immovable joints
- Slightly movable joints
- Freely movable joints
What is a condyle?
A large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone.
What is the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture?
A simple fracture has intact skin; a compound fracture pierces the skin.
What is a greenstick fracture?
An incomplete break in the bone, usually occurring in children.
What causes a spiral fracture?
A twisting type of force applied to the bone.
What is an impacted fracture?
A comminuted fracture where the broken bone parts are jammed into each other.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Seven cervical vertebrae
What is flexion in terms of joint movement?
Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones.
What is plantar flexion?
Bending the foot down, as in toe dancing.
What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline
What does supination mean?
Turning the hand so that the palm faces upward.
What is circumduction?
A combination of movements creating a circular arm motion.
What are false ribs?
Ribs 8-12 that do not attach directly to the sternum.
Where is the radius located in relation to the ulna?
On the lateral or thumb side when the palm is facing forward.
What is the role of the ulna in the forearm?
It is the longer bone located on the medial or little finger side.
