FoM:L3 - Skeleton

Question 1

Which of the 4 primary tissues forms the skeleton?

Answer 1

connective

Question 2

What makes up the skeletal system?

Answer 2

• cartilage
• bones
• joints
• ligaments

Question 3

what are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 3

• support
• facilitates movement
• protection
• resistance to gravity
• attachment of muscles
• calcium storage
• blood cell production

Question 4

What are the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

axial: skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
appendicular: pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limb

Question 5

What are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 5

• long; tubular
• short: cuboidal
• flat; usually protective
• irregular; not the above
• sesamoid: develop in tendons

Question 6

What are 3 features of bones?

Answer 6

tubercle/tuberosity/trochanter; rough bumps for attachment of muscles/tendons
- sulcus; smooth groove where blood vessel/nerve/tendon lies
- Foramen: hole where are blood vessel/nerve enters or leaves a bone

Question 7

What is a facet?

Answer 7

small, flat articular surface

Question 8

What is a joint?

Answer 8

site where 2 or more bones articulate

Question 9

What is a fibrous joint? (structure, names/locations, function)

Answer 9

• adjacent bones bound together by fibrous tissue
• suture: between flat bones
• syndesmosis: between long bones
• stable, restricted movement

Question 10

What is a cartilaginous joint? (types, structure, locations, function)

Answer 10

• primary (synchondrosis); united by hyaline cartilage, bend (e.g. costal cartilages)
• secondary (symphysis); surfaces of bones lined with hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage disc between (e.g. intervertebral discs)

Question 11

What are synovial joints?

Answer 11

• where 2 or more bones meet
• joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
• permit movement

Question 12

What does a synovial joint consist of? BHCSSL

Answer 12

• bones
• hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces (may be others)
• capsule (dense, irregular CT) surrounding joint - loose or tight?
• synovial membrane lining capsule producing synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid to lubricate joint
• Ligaments can be internal and external and provide stability

Question 13

What does stability of joints depend on?

Answer 13

• shape and size of articular surfaces
• ligaments
• tone of muscles

Question 14

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 14

• uni-axial
• flexion and extension

Question 15

What is an ellipsoid joint?

Answer 15

• curved sections of an ovoid
• bi-axial
• flexion and extension, adduction and abduction

Question 16

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 16

• solid sphere in spherical cup
• multi-axial
• flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation. Circumduction

Question 17

What are plane, pivot and saddle joints?

Answer 17

plane: flat surfaces allow limited gliding
pivot: peg rotating inside a ring
saddle: surfaces shaped like a saddle