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Anatomy > FOM 2: Skeleton > Flashcards

FOM 2: Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What forms axial skeleton? Function?

A
  • cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
  • protects internal organs and site of limb attachment
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2
Q

What forms appendicular skeleton? Function?

A
  • bones of upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
  • facilitate movements made by body
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3
Q

What are the four main types of bone cells?

A
  • osteogenic cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
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4
Q

What are osteogenic cells? Function?

A
  • unspecialised mesenchymal cells
  • found alongside membranes surrounding bones and blood vessels
  • only cell to undergo mitosis - develop into osteoblasts
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5
Q

What are osteoblasts? Function?

A
  • bone producing cells
  • synthesise and secrete collagen fibres and other organic components. Used to build ECM and initiate calcification
  • become osteocytes
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6
Q

What are osteocytes? Function?

A
  • major cell type found in mature bone
  • found within matrix of bone
  • maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue. Exchange of nutrients and waste with blood
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7
Q

What are osteoclasts? Function?

A
  • large cells present in bone marrow
  • lie in close contact with lacunae
  • responsible for local removal of bone during growth and remodelling of bone
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8
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A
  • osteon
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9
Q

Function of central canal in compact bone?

A
  • run longitudinally through bone
  • facilitate the passage of neurovascular structures
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10
Q

Cartilage is a type of what tissue?

A
  • connective tissue
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11
Q

Describe cartilage

A
  • made up of dense network of collagen/elastic fibres
  • deposited by chondroblasts, mature in chondrocytes
  • maintain integrity of cartilage
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12
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage?

A
  • elastic
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
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13
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • lines articular surface of synovial joints
  • forms foetal skeleton and growth plates of growing bones
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14
Q

Function of elastic cartilage?

A
  • forms auricle of ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
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15
Q

Function of fibrocartilage?

A
  • main constituent of intervertebral discs, tendon attachments to bones.
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16
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A
  • frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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17
Q

What are the facial bones?

A
  • maxilla, zygomatic, mandible
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18
Q

Foramen in the occipital bone?

A
  • foramina magnum
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19
Q

Structures unique to cervical vertebrae?

A
  • small, bifid spinous process
  • transverse foramina
  • atlas: has no body
  • axis: has upward projection for rotation of atlas
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20
Q

Structures unique to thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • heart-shaped body
  • small and round vertebral foramen
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21
Q

Structures unique to lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • large, kidney-shaped body
  • triangular vertebral foramen
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22
Q

3 parts of the sternum?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
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23
Q

Describe rib structure

A
  • 12 pairs
  • 1-7 attach anteriorly to sternum (true ribs)
  • 8-10 attach to costal cartilage (false ribs)
  • 11-12 do not attach (floating ribs)
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24
Q

Which bones form the pectoral girdle?

A
  • clavicle (anterior)
  • scapula (posterior)
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25
Q

Articulations which form at the scapula

A
  • acromioclavicular: with acromial end of clavicle
  • glenohumeral: with head of humerus
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26
Q

What projection of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

A
  • acromion
27
Q

Biceps brachii muscle has origin from which projection of the scapula?

A
  • coracoid
28
Q

Where does the head of the humerus articulate on the scapula?

A
  • glenoid fossa
29
Q

Where is the supraspinous fossa?

A
  • back of the scapula, above the spine
30
Q

Articulations which form at the clavicle

A
  • acromioclavicular: with acromion of the scapula
  • sternoclavicular: with manubrium of the sternum
31
Q

Articulations which form at the humerus

A
  • glenohumeral: with glenoid fossa of scapula
  • humeroulnar: with trochlea notch of ulna
  • humeroradial: with radial head
32
Q

Why is it called the surgical neck?

A
  • common site for fractures
33
Q

Where is the intertubercular groove?

A
  • anteriorly between the tubercles of humerus
  • holds tendon for biceps brachii muscle
  • aka bicipital groove
34
Q

What is the roughened area on the shaft of the humerus?

A
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • for insertion of the deltoid muscle
35
Q

What part of humerus articulates with radius?

A
  • capitulum (lateral)
36
Q

What part of humerus articulates with ulna?

A
  • trochlea (medial)
37
Q

Medial epicondyle of humerus gives origin to which muscles in the forearm?

A
  • superficial flexor muscles
38
Q

Lateral epicondyle gives origin to which muscles in the forearm?

A
  • extensor muscles
39
Q

What fossas are on the anterior surface of the humerus?

A
  • radial (lateral) above capitulum
  • coronoid (medial) above trochlea
40
Q

Which fossa is on the posterior surface of the humerus?

A
  • olecranon fossa
41
Q

Articulations which form at the ulna

A
  • humeroulnar: with trochlea of humerus
  • superior radioulnar: with head of radius
  • middle radioulnar: with shaft of radius
  • inferior radioulnar: with ulnar notch of radius
  • ulnocarpal: with carpal bones
42
Q

What part of the ulna articulates with humerus?

A
  • trochlear notch
43
Q

Where is olecranon located on the ulna?

A
  • proximally on posterior surface
44
Q

What is the palpable medial projection of the distal ulna?

A
  • styloid process
45
Q

Articulations which form at the carpal bones

A
  • radiocarpal: with distal end of the radius
  • intercarpal: between adjacent carpal bones
  • carpometacarpal: with metatarsals
46
Q

Carpal bones, proximal-distal, lateral-medial

A
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
47
Q

Which bones form the pelvic girdle?

A
  • hip bones which are attached to the axial skeleton at the sacrum and coccyx
48
Q

Which bones make up the hip bone?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
49
Q

Articulations which the hip bone form

A
  • sacroiliac: with articular surface of the sacrum
  • pubic symphysis: with pubic cartilage
  • hip joint: with head of femur
50
Q

Ilium fossa gives origin to which muscle?

A
  • iliacus muscle
51
Q

Ischial tuberosity gives origin for which muscles?

A
  • hamstring muscles
52
Q

What foramen is formed by the pubis and ischium?

A

Obturator foramen

53
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A
  • cup-shaped depression formed by ilium, ischium and pubis for articulation with femoral head
54
Q

Articulations which the femur forms

A
  • hip: with acetabulum of hip bone
  • knee: with condyles of tibia
  • knee: with posterior surface of the patella
55
Q

What is the pit in the centre of the femoral head?

A
  • fovea
56
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A
  • longitudinal ridge on posterior surface of femur providing origin point for multiple muscles
57
Q

Where is the patella embedded?

A
  • quadriceps femoris muscle, anterior to knee joint
58
Q

What is the medial malleolus?

A
  • thick process formed by distal, expanded medial end of the tibia
59
Q

What is the lateral malleolus?

A
  • distal, expanded flattened end of fibula which articulates with talus bone of ankle
60
Q

What are the tarsal bones? proximal-distal, medial-lateral

A
  • talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform
61
Q

What are 3 main classifications of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
62
Q

What is the projection on the superior side of the axis called?

A

-odontoid process (dens)

63
Q
A

Anatomy (5 decks)

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