Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Anatomy anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy anatomy Flashcards

LEARN

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelia
  • nervous
  • connective
  • muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is epithelia tissue?

A
  • continuous sheets of cells that cover most body surfaces, organs, cavities and tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does epithelia do?

A
  • protect underlying tissues
  • transport of materials
  • barrier between internal and external environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is surface epithelia?

A
  • cover body surfaces and organs
  • lines hollow structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelia cells?

A
  • faces external environment or lumen of tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the properties of epithelial cells?

A
  • basement membrane
  • polarity
  • contiguous adhesive
  • no direct blood supply
  • high mitotic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A
  • thin protein layer which lies deep in epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of the basement membrane

A
  • support and anchor epithelium to adjacent tissue
  • physical and selective diffusion barrier between epithelium and adjacent tissue
  • essential for epithelial cell proliferation and polarisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A
  • secrete from apical cell surface
  • exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A
  • lead to partial loss of apical parts of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are holocrine glands?

A
  • secrete entire cell and its products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cleavage?

A
  • series of mitotic division
  • egg cytoplasm divide into more nucleated cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cell types is a blastocyst comprised of?

A
  • Trophoblast: contacts with endometrium of uterus to facilitate implantation and formation of placenta
  • embryoblast: responsible for formation of embryo itself
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

On what day does embryonic implantation begin?

A
  • day 6. attachment of blastocyst to endometrial epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the trophoblast divide into?

A
  • synctiotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What comprises the bilaminar disc?

A
  • epiblast: formation of amniotic cavity
  • hypoblast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in the third week of embryonic development?

A
  • gastrulation. Bilaminar turns into trilaminar disc.
  • primitive streak becomes source for germ layers.
  • epiblast further specialises into ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue comprised of?

A
  • fibres and ground substance of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main cells of connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblast: secrete proteins that maintain ECM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does CT proper depend on?

A
  • proportion of matrix vs cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What fibres are in ECM of CT?

A
  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ground substance of ECM made out of?

A
  • complex carbohydrates (GAGs) and carbohydrate chains linked to proteins
  • fluid binds to molecules to provide: volume and compression resistance, role in passage of molecules/cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A
  • rich in cells and ground substance, few fibres
  • good for molecular/cellular diffusion
  • lacks tensile strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A
  • rich in fibres, little ground substance and sparse cells
  • high tensile strength
  • irregular: random arrangement. resist forces multidirectionally
  • regular: linear arrangement to resist forces unilaterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the properties of muscular tissue?

A
  • electrical excitability
  • contractile
  • extensible
  • elastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three different types of muscle found in the body?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A
  • flat sheet of CT which indirectly connects skeletal muscle to the skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are fascia/septa?

A
  • CT between/around individual muscles.
  • septa separate groups of muscles into compartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is retinaculum?

A
  • thickening of fascia that retain structures in place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the somatic NS, which neurons carry sensory information?

A
  • pseudo-unipolar
  • bipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Multipolar neurons in somatic NS concern what type of information?

A
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are glial cells?

A
  • major scaffolding components of nervous tissue
  • can be divided into macro and microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the glial cells in the peripheral NS?

A
  • Schwann
  • satellite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the glial cells in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Role of Schwann cells

A
  • support both myelinated and unmyelinated neurons
  • derived from neural crest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes

A
  • process myelinated segments of multiple axons
  • CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Role of astrocytes

A
  • physical and metabolic support for CNS. Regulates microenvironment for signalling
  • maintenance of blood brain barrier
  • most abundant cell in brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Role of ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles and central canal
  • produce, secrete absorb and propel CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Role of microglia

A
  • phagocytotic
  • active in regions of injury and inflammation
39
Q

Dorsal root ganglia contain which cell bodies?

A
  • neurons from posterior root carrying sensory fibres
40
Q

Where does the posterior/dorsal rami travel?

A
  • backwards
  • divide into branches which supply post-vertebral structures
  • provide motor innervation to deep muscles in the back
41
Q

Where does the anterior/ventral rami travel?

A
  • supply skin and muscles of limbs and anterior trunk
42
Q

What are the three layers to the meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater (immediately hugging spinal cord)
43
Q

White rami communicates?

A
  • carry preganglionic sympathetic fibres
  • found only at T1/2 levels
44
Q

Grey rami communicates?

A
  • carry postganglionic sympathetic fibres
  • exist at all levels of vertebrae
45
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain?

A
  • outermost portion of cerebrum and cerebellum
46
Q

What outflow is the sympathetic NS?

A
  • thoracolumbar
  • T1-L2/3
47
Q

What are the different actions preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic NS can take?

A
  • synapse in chain at same level
  • synapse in chain at different levels (ascend or descend)
  • traverse chain and go straight to splanchnic nerves
48
Q

What types of distribution can the sympathetic NS do?

A
  • parietal
  • visceral
49
Q

What is parietal distribution?

A
  • reaching all parts of body wall/skin
  • eliciting vasomotor, sudomotion, pilomotion
50
Q

What is visceral distribution?

A
  • to organs
  • via splanchnic nerves
51
Q

What outflow is parasympathetic NS?

A
  • craniosacral
  • cranial nerves from brainstem (III,VII,IX,X)
  • grey matter of S2-4
52
Q

Function of the skin

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • excretion of sweat
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • sensory reception
53
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis (epithelium)
  • dermis (CT)
  • hypodermis/subcutaneous (CT)
54
Q

Classify epidermis epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous keratinised
  • waterproofing
55
Q

What layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin (palms and soles)?

A
  • stratum lucidum
56
Q

What are the four layers present in all skin epidermis?

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum corneum
57
Q

Classify dermis CT

A
  • papillary layer: loose CT
  • reticular layer: dense irregular CT
58
Q

How is the papillary layer of the dermis characterised?

A
  • have dermal papillae which are irregular projections which interlace with epidermal ridges
59
Q

Classify hypodermis tissue

A
  • primarily adipose segregated by loose CT
60
Q

What muscle originates in the hypodermis?

A
  • arrector pili muscle
  • connected to hair follicle
61
Q

What are the different skin appendages?

A
  • hair and hair follicles
  • glands
  • nails
62
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A
  • branched acinar glands producing sebum
  • waterproofing and protection
  • associated with and secrete in hair follicles
  • located between follicle and arrector pili muscle
63
Q

What are the two main parts of the nail?

A
  • nail plate: several layers of dead compacted cells
  • nail bed: beneath nail plate. comprises dermis and epidermis’ many nerves and vessels
64
Q

What are the two type of sweat glands?

A
  • eccrine : abundant
  • apocrine : limited to areola, axilla, anal and external genital region
65
Q

Describe the structure of eccrine sweat glands

A
  • coiled tubular glands
  • distal secretory part (simple cuboidal epithelial)
  • myoepithelial cells
  • narrow duct (stratified cuboidal epithelium
66
Q

What is the role of eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • thermo-regulation
  • protection
  • excretion
67
Q

Describe apocrine sweat gland structure

A
  • coiled tubular glands
  • have wider lumen
  • open in hair follicles
68
Q

What is the role of apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • become functional at puberty, secretion believed to be pheromone
69
Q

Where are the free sensory neurons in the skin?

A
  • epidermis: between keratinocytes or attached to Merkel cells to detect pain, heat, cold and fine discriminative touch
  • dermis: around hair follicles to detect hair displacement
70
Q

Where are the encapsulated sensory neurons in the skin?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscle: hypodermis. pressure and vibration
  • Meissner’s corpuscle: dermis. light touch
71
Q

What makes shoulder dislocations more common?

A
  • very loose capsule.
72
Q

Where the capsule of the Glenohumeral Joint attached to?

A
  • medially to margin of glenoid cavity
  • laterally to anatomical neck of the humerus
73
Q

What does the synovial membrane in the glenohumeral joint do?

A
  • lines capsule
  • forms tubular sheath for tendon of biceps brachii
74
Q

What are bursae?

A
  • small fluid filled sacs
  • located around capsule to assist mobility
  • avoids direct contact of bones
75
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the elbow joint?

A
  • radial artery
  • ulnar artery
  • superficial palmar venous arch
76
Q

What is the venous blood supply of the elbow joint?

A
  • cephalic vein
  • basilic vein
  • median cubital vein
77
Q

What posteriorly innervates the elbow joint?

A
  • ulnar nerve
  • branch of the radial nerve
78
Q

What anteriorly innervates the elbow joint?

A
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • median nerve
  • radial nerve
79
Q

What muscles assist in pronation of the arm?

A
  • pronator quadratus
  • pronator teres
80
Q

What muscles assist in supination?

A
  • supinator
  • biceps brachii
81
Q

What does the cubital fossa contain?

A
  • median nerve
  • bifurcation of brachial artery
  • biceps muscle tendon
  • radial nerve
82
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A
  • support so soft tissue does not collapse on itself
  • acts as shock absorber and protective covering
  • forms template of long bones
83
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A
  • dense CT layer surrounding hyaline and elastic cartilage
84
Q

Why is the perichondrium important?

A
  • essential for growth and viability of cartilage
  • contains nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels
85
Q

Structure of the perichondrium

A
  • two layers
  • outer: fibrous with collagen type 1 fibres and fibroblasts
  • inner: abundant cartilage progenitor cells
86
Q

What three cells are present in cartilage?

A

-chondrogenic/chondroprogenitor cells: stems cells in inner layer of perichondrium
- chondroblasts: synthesis and secrete ECM around them. lie between perichondrium and cartilage matrix
- chondrocytes: large round mature cells lie in lacunae within ECM

87
Q

What does cartilage ECM comprise of?

A
  • ground substance: proteoglycans providing resilience, water providing smooth and rubbery nature
  • fibres: mainly collagen and elastic fibres depending on type of cartilage. provide tensile strength
88
Q

What are the four general steps of chondrogenesis?

A
  • mesenchyme cell condensation
  • cell differentiation
  • matrix secretion
  • maturation into chondrocytes
89
Q

Explain what happens in mesenchymal cell aggregation

A
  • stem cells in embryonic mesoderm aggregate at sites of future cartilage formation
  • results in cluster of pre-chondrocytes
90
Q

Explain what happens in mesenchymal differentiation

A
  • surrounding mesenchyme differentiates into perichondrium
  • chondroblasts start secreting ECM
91
Q

Explain what happens in chondroblast maturation

A
  • chondroblasts become trapped in own ECM and mature into chondrocytes, residing in lacunae
  • chondrocytes undergo mitosis, expanding cartilage matrix
92
Q

What is interstitial growth in cartilage?

A
  • divide of chondrocytes from within cartilage, expansion from within
  • grows in length
93
Q

What is appositional growth in cartilage?

A
  • differentiation of cells from surface perichondrium
  • synthesis of new cells and matrix
  • cartilage expands, widens
94
Q
A

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions